A biological variation-based approach to the day-to-day changes of D-dimer, Fibrinogen, and Ferritin levels that are crucial in the clinical course of COVID-19 in healthy smokers and non-smokers

Objective D-dimer, ferritin, and fibrinogen parameters in COVID-19 patients are essential, particularly in inpatients and intensive care unit patients. It is vital to know the changes that occur due to the biological structure of the person than the disease effect in these tests to manage the fatal disease better. Method Blood samples were taken on the first, third, and fifth days from 30 healthy volunteers, 15 of whom were smokers, 15 were non-smokers, and D-dimer, ferritin, and fibrinogen tests were studied with repeated measurements. After the data was processed for normality and homogeneity and removing extreme values, CVA, CVI, CVG, CVT, RCV, II, I%, B%, TE% values were calculated via a complete nested ANOVA design, according to Callum G, Fraser, and EFLM. Results CVI and CVG values of D-dimer were calculated as 49.07% and 40.69% for all individuals, 49.26% and 27.71% for smokers, 48.80% and 51.67% for non-smokers, respectively. In terms of fibrinogen, the same analyzes for all individuals were calculated as 11.18% and 10.62%, 3.25% and 20.17% for smokers, 9.11% and 6.79% for non-smokers, respectively. The same ferritin analyses were calculated as 23.74% and 63.31% for all individuals, 34.98% and 35.24% for smokers, 30.53% and 74.87% for non-smokers, respectively. Conclusion Changes in D-dimer measurements every other day in healthy individuals can be observed depending on the biological characteristics of the individuals, and the population-based reference interval may be insufficient for clinical evaluation. Therefore, each individual should be evaluated within themselves. When assessing the results of ferritin and fibrinogen in non-smoking individuals, it should be taken into account that significant differences may occur between individuals. Besides, it should be kept in mind that there may be considerable changes due to biological variation in the repeated measurements of ferritin every other day.

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Homeostasis model assessment, serum insulin and their relation to body fat in cats

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-020-02729-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Emma M. Strage ◽

Charles J. Ley ◽

Johannes Forkman ◽

Malin Öhlund ◽

Sarah Stadig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Fat ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Serum Insulin ◽

Reference Interval ◽

Population Based ◽

Biological Variation ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Fasting Insulin ◽

Homeostasis Model Assessment ◽

Fasting Serum

Abstract Background Obesity is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and considered a risk factor for diabetes mellitus (DM) in cats. It has been proposed that homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), which is the product of fasting serum insulin (mU/L) and glucose (mmol/L) divided by 22.5, can be used to indicate IR. The objectives of this study were threefold: (i) to evaluate associations between body fat, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR, (ii) to determine population-based reference interval of HOMA-IR in healthy lean cats, and (iii) to evaluate biological variation of HOMA-IR and fasting insulin in cats. Results 150 cats were grouped as lean or overweight based on body condition score and in 68 of the cats body fat percentage (BF%) was estimated by computed tomography. Fasting serum insulin and glucose concentrations were analysed. Statistical differences in HOMA-IR and insulin between overweight or lean cats were evaluated using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Robust method with Box-Cox transformation was used for calculating HOMA-IR reference interval in healthy lean cats. Relations between BF% and HOMA-IR and insulin were evaluated by regression analysis. Restricted maximum likelihood ratio was used to calculate indices of biological variation of HOMA-IR and insulin in seven cats. There were significant differences between groups with overweight cats (n = 77) having higher HOMA-IR (p < 0.0001) and insulin (p = 0.0002) than lean cats (n = 73). Reference interval for HOMA-IR in lean cats was 0.1–3.0. HOMA-IR and fasting insulin concentrations showed similar significant positive association with BF% (p = 0.0010 and p = 0.0017, respectively). Within-animal coefficient of variation of HOMA-IR and insulin was 51% and 49%, respectively. Conclusions HOMA-IR and fasting insulin higher in overweight than lean cats and correlate to BF%. The established population-based reference interval for HOMA-IR as well as the indices of biological variation for HOMA-IR and fasting insulin may be used when interpreting HOMA-IR and fasting insulin in cats. Further studies are needed to evaluate if HOMA-IR or fasting insulin is useful for identifying cats at risk of developing DM.

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Validation of a spectrophotometric method for GGT measurement in canine urine and determination of the urine GGT-to-creatinine ratio reference interval and biological variation in 41 healthy dogs

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/1040638718812927 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 33-39

Author(s):

Nicholas P. Ilchyshyn ◽

Elizabeth Villiers ◽

Paola Monti

Keyword(s):

Reference Interval ◽

Population Based ◽

Biological Variation ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Creatinine Ratio ◽

Reference Change Value ◽

Patients At Risk ◽

Healthy Dogs ◽

Assay Precision ◽

Glutamyl Transferase

The urine gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)-to-creatinine ratio has been used to monitor patients at risk of acute renal injury. We validated the spectrophotometric quantification of GGT in urine in a commercial biochemistry analyzer. The assay was precise, accurate, and linear. Intra-assay precision was 3.59% in 4 samples, with GGT concentrations of 47–195 U/L. Inter-assay precision in 3 samples with activities of 11–51 U/L was 7.74%. Accuracy was 97.3%, with an absolute bias of 2.7 U/L. Urine GGT was unaffected by hematuria, hemoglobinuria, or bacteriuria. Urine GGT was stable at 20°C and 4°C for up to 3 d. Storage by freezing at −20°C resulted in a significant reduction in enzyme activity. A pH outside the range of 6.5–8 resulted in reduced GGT activity. The biological variation of urine GGT-to-creatinine ratio provided an index of individuality of 1.6, indicating that a population-based reference interval (RI) can be used. The reference change value was calculated, and an increase in consecutive measurements >43% is required to be regarded as significant. The urine GGT-to-creatinine ratio RI obtained in a population of 41 healthy dogs was 8.5–28.5 U/g.

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A combined approach to generate laboratory reference intervals using unbalanced longitudinal data

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2017-0171 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mandy Vogel ◽

Toralf Kirsten ◽

Jürgen Kratzsch ◽

Christoph Engel ◽

Wieland Kiess

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Data ◽

Interval Estimation ◽

Reference Interval ◽

Population Based ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Repeated Measurements ◽

World Health ◽

Resampling Methods ◽

Laboratory Test Results ◽

Health Organization

AbstractBackground:The interpretation of individual laboratory test results requires the availability of population-based reference intervals. In children, reference interval estimation has to consider frequently the strong age-dependency. Generally, for the construction of reference intervals, a sufficiently large number of independent measurement values is required. Data selections from hospitals or cohort studies often comprise dependencies violating the independence assumption.Methods:In this article, we propose a combination of LMS-like (mean, M; coefficient of variation, S; skewness, λ or L) and resampling methods to overcome this drawback. The former is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the construction of continuous reference intervals of anthropometric measurements in children. The approach allows the inclusion of dependent measurements, for example, repeated measurements per subject. It also provides pointwise confidence envelopes as a measure of reliability.Results and conclusions:The combination of LMS-type methods and resampling provides a feasible approach to estimate age-dependent percentiles and reference intervals using unbalanced longitudinal data.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Epidemiology and clinical course of Behçet's disease in the Reggio Emilia area of Northern Italy: a seventeen-year population-based study.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1073715.526625 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Hasan Yazici

Keyword(s):

Behçet’S Disease ◽

Behcet’S Disease ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Behçet's Disease ◽

Population Based ◽

Northern Italy ◽

Reggio Emilia ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Behcet's Disease

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Alternative lengthening of telomeres in childhood neuroblastoma from genome to proteome

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-21247-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sabine A. Hartlieb ◽

Lina Sieverling ◽

Michal Nadler-Holly ◽

Matthias Ziehm ◽

Umut H. Toprak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Frequency ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Population Based ◽

Telomeric Repeat ◽

Telomere Maintenance ◽

Study Cohort ◽

Alternative Lengthening Of Telomeres ◽

Course Of Disease ◽

Low Protein ◽

Alternative Lengthening

AbstractTelomere maintenance by telomerase activation or alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a major determinant of poor outcome in neuroblastoma. Here, we screen for ALT in primary and relapsed neuroblastomas (n = 760) and characterize its features using multi-omics profiling. ALT-positive tumors are molecularly distinct from other neuroblastoma subtypes and enriched in a population-based clinical sequencing study cohort for relapsed cases. They display reduced ATRX/DAXX complex abundance, due to either ATRX mutations (55%) or low protein expression. The heterochromatic histone mark H3K9me3 recognized by ATRX is enriched at the telomeres of ALT-positive tumors. Notably, we find a high frequency of telomeric repeat loci with a neuroblastoma ALT-specific hotspot on chr1q42.2 and loss of the adjacent chromosomal segment forming a neo-telomere. ALT-positive neuroblastomas proliferate slowly, which is reflected by a protracted clinical course of disease. Nevertheless, children with an ALT-positive neuroblastoma have dismal outcome.

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Annual biological variation and personalized reference intervals of clinical chemistry and hematology analytes

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm-2021-0479 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Shuo Wang ◽

Min Zhao ◽

Zihan Su ◽

Runqing Mu

Keyword(s):

Clinical Chemistry ◽

Population Based ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Biological Variation ◽

Annual Data ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Reference Change Value ◽

Index Of Individuality ◽

Personalized Diagnosis

Abstract Objectives A large number of people undergo annual health checkup but accurate laboratory criterion for evaluating their health status is limited. The present study determined annual biological variation (BV) and derived parameters of common laboratory analytes in order to accurately evaluate the test results of the annual healthcare population. Methods A total of 43 healthy individuals who had regular healthcare once a year for six consecutive years, were enrolled using physical, electrocardiogram, ultrasonography and laboratory. The annual BV data and derived parameters, such as reference change value (RCV) and index of individuality (II) were calculated and compared with weekly data. We used annual BV and homeostatic set point to calculate personalized reference intervals (RIper) which were compared with population-based reference intervals (RIpop). Results We have established the annual within-subject BV (CVI), RCV, II, RIper of 24 commonly used clinical chemistry and hematology analytes for healthy individuals. Among the 18 comparable measurands, CVI estimates of annual data for 11 measurands were significantly higher than the weekly data. Approximately 50% measurands of II were <0.6, the utility of their RIpop were limited. The distribution range of RIper for most measurands only copied small part of RIpop with reference range index for 8 measurands <0.5. Conclusions Compared with weekly BV, for annual healthcare individuals, annual BV and related parameters can provide more accurate evaluation of laboratory results. RIper based on long-term BV data is very valuable for “personalized” diagnosis on annual health assessments.

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Clinical course of multiple sclerosis and labour‐force absenteeism: a longitudinal population‐based study

European Journal of Neurology ◽

10.1111/ene.13863 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 603-609 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Castelo‐Branco ◽

E. Landfeldt ◽

A. Svedbom ◽

E. Löfroth ◽

A. Kavaliunas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Labour Force ◽

Population Based ◽

Population Based Study

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Activation Products of the Haemostatic System in Coronary, Cerebrovascular and Peripheral Arterial Disease

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1615700 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (02) ◽

pp. 234-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

M. L. Bots ◽

F. Haverkate ◽

P. Meijer ◽

A. Hofman ◽

C. Kluft ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Arterial Disease ◽

Transient Ischemic Attack ◽

Pressure Ratio ◽

Arterial Disease ◽

Population Based ◽

Control Subjects ◽

History Of ◽

Ischemic Attack ◽

Peripheral Arterial ◽

D Dimer

SummaryTo determine the presence of a ‘hypercoagulable state’ as assessed by indices of thrombin and plasmin generation and of the amount of fibrin that is lysed, in patients with stable coronary, cerebral and peripheral arterial disease a population-based cross-sectional study was performed. From a population-based cohort comprising 7983 men and women aged 55 years and over, we randomly selected 127 subjects with a history of myocardial infarction, 124 with a history of stroke and/or transient ischemic attack, 131 patients with peripheral arterial disease and 263 control subjects in the same age group without arterial disease. Subjects using anticoagulant drugs were not selected. F1+2, TAT, and PAP were not associated with a history of cardiovascular events, nor with peripheral arterial disease. In contrast, positive associations were found for D-Dimer. Mean D-Dimer level was 40 μg/l (95% CI 35,44) in control subjects; 53 μg/l (47, 61) in those with a history of myocar-dial infarction and 51 μg/l (45, 58) in those with a history of stroke and or transient ischemic attack. D-Dimer increased gradually with increasing severity of peripheral atherosclerosis; a decrease in ankle/arm systolic blood pressure ratio of 0.1 was associated with an increase in D-Dimer of 3.9 μg/l (p<0.01). This was more pronounced in subjects with higher F1+2, TAT and PAP concentration. In conclusion, the markers of onset of coagulation F1+2, TAT and PAP are not associated with the presence of arterial disease, but increased levels of these markers are necessary for the positive association between D-Dimer and arterial disease.

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