scholarly journals Serological responses to COVID-19 booster vaccine in England

Author(s):  
Georgina Ireland ◽  
Heather Whitaker ◽  
Shamez N Ladhani ◽  
Frances Baawuah ◽  
Vani Subbarao ◽  
...  

Importance: There are limited data on immune responses after COVID-19 vaccine boosters in individuals receiving primary immunisation with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or AZD1222 (AstraZeneca) Objective: To assess SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses before and after booster vaccination with BNT162b2 in adults receiving two BNT162b2 or AZD1222 vaccine doses at least 6 months previously, as part of the United Kingdom national immunisation schedule Design: Prospective, cohort study Setting: London, England Participants: 750 immunocompetent adults aged ≥50 years Interventions: A single dose of BNT162b2 administered at least six months after primary immunisation with two doses of BNT162b2 given <30 days apart (BNT162b2-control) or ≥30 days apart (BNT162b2-extended) compared to AZD1222 given ≥30 days apart (AZD1222-extended) Main Outcome and Measures: SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody geometric mean titres (GMTs) before and 2-4 weeks after booster Results: Of 750 participants, 626 provided serum samples for up to 38 weeks after their second vaccine dose. Antibody GMTs peaked at 2-4 weeks after the second dose, before declining by 68% at 36-38 weeks after dose 2 for BNT162b2-control participants, 85% at 24-29 weeks for BNT162b2-extended participants and 78% at 24-29 weeks for AZD1222-extended participants. Antibody GMTs was highest in BNT162b2-extended participants (942 [95%CI, 797-1113]) than AZD1222-extended (183 [124-268]) participants at 24-29 weeks or BNT162b2-control participants at 36-38 weeks (208; 95%CI, 150-289). At 2-4 weeks after booster, GMTs were significantly higher than after primary vaccination in all three groups: 18,104 (95%CI, 13,911-23,560; n=47) in BNT162b2-control (76.3-fold), 13,980 (11,902-16,421; n=118) in BNT162b2-extended (15.9-fold) and 10,799 (8,510-13,704; n=43) in AZD1222-extended (57.2-fold) participants. BNT162b2-control participants (median:262 days) had a longer interval between primary and booster doses than BNT162b2-extended or AZD1222-extended (both median:186 days) participants. Conclusions and Relevance: We observed rapid serological responses to boosting with BNT162b2, irrespective of vaccine type or schedule used for primary immunisation, with higher post-booster responses with longer interval between primary immunisation and boosting. Boosters will not only provide additional protection for those at highest risk of severe COVID-19 but also prevent infection and, therefore, interrupt transmission, thereby reducing infections rates in the population. Ongoing surveillance will be important for monitoring the duration of protection after the booster.

Aflatoxin M1 is one of mycotoxin derivatives, which is secreted in milk of dairy cattle fed on feed contaminated with Aflatoxin-B1 (AFB1). The current study was designed to prepare a vaccine against AFB1and to evaluate its efficacy in reducing or preventing secretion of AFM1 in milk. Aflatoxin-B1 was prepared, purified and transformed into oxime, then it was fixed on bovine serum albumins. The AFB1-BSA conjugate was adjuvanted with Gold Nano particles then Montanide ISA 206. The prepared vaccine was used for immunization of rabbits by S/c routes as 100 µg/dose and dairy cattle by I/M routes as 500 µg/dose. The vaccinated animals were boosted at 3 weeks post primary immunization. Serum samples were collected and examined for the anti-AFB1 using AGPT. A mean titer of 15.2 AGPU/ml was detected at 2 weeks post primary vaccination then significantly increased till reached to 76.8 AGPU/ml at 6 weeks post Booster vaccination. All vaccinated rabbits were challenged with dose of 0.3 mg AFB1 toxin/Kg. The vaccinated rabbit showed 100% protection and no AFB1 toxin residue was detected in their livers. Milk samples were collected from non-vaccinated and AFB1-immunized dairy cattle then examined with ELISA for quantitation of AFM1 residues before and after vaccination. The results showed that the prepared AFB1 vaccine was safe, potent and able to reduce AFM1 release in milk of vaccinated heifers by 70%. So the vaccination of lactating animals with the AFB1vaccine might represent a valid tool for the prevention of AFM1 contamination of milk and dairy products.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1422-1427
Author(s):  
Jayalakshmi Vasu ◽  
Mouttou Vivek Srinivas ◽  
Prabhakar Xavier Antony ◽  
Jacob Thanislass ◽  
Vijayalakshmi Padmanaban ◽  
...  

Background and Aim: Canine parvovirus (CPV) is the most important viral cause of enteritis and mortality in pups. Evaluation and monitoring of pre- and post-vaccine immune responses may help to determine the efficacy of the current vaccination schedule being followed in pups in India. This study aimed to evaluate and monitor the pre- and post-vaccine immune responses of CPV vaccinated pups using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The neutralizing antibody titer levels were also detected using serum neutralization test (SNT). Materials and Methods: The pups were categorized into two groups, the double booster and the single booster groups. In this study, serum samples were subjected to HI and SNT for measuring the CPV antibody titer at frequent intervals for up to 6 months from 27 healthy pups following primary and booster CPV vaccinations. Results: The antibody titers in double booster pups reached their peaks at the 21st day after the second booster vaccination with a geometric mean (GM) of 3.57. The antibody titers in single booster pups reached their peaks at the 21st day after the first booster vaccination with a lower GM of 3.18. Conclusion: The double booster pups maintained a higher immune response throughout the period of the study compared to single booster pups though the difference in titers was not statistically significant. SNT results indicated that the raised antibody titer was also able to yield virus-neutralizing antibodies. No interfering maternally derived antibodies were found in the pups at the age of primary vaccination (45th day) in our study. Therefore, the second booster vaccination may be useful in maintaining the protective titer for a prolonged period.


2022 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina Ireland ◽  
Heather Whitaker ◽  
Shamez N Ladhani ◽  
Frances Baawuah ◽  
Sathyvani Subbarao ◽  
...  

Serum samples were collected pre- and post-booster vaccination with Comirnaty in 626 participants (aged ≥ 50 years) who had received two Comirnaty doses < 30 days apart, two Comirnaty doses ≥ 30 days apart or two Vaxzevria doses ≥ 30 days apart. Irrespective of primary vaccine type or schedule, spike antibody GMTs peaked 2–4 weeks after second dose, fell significantly ≤ 38 weeks later and rose above primary immunisation GMTs 2–4 weeks post-booster. Higher post-booster responses were observed with a longer interval between primary immunisation and boosting.


2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Martins ◽  
João Motta de Quadros ◽  
Eduardo Furtado Flores ◽  
Rudi Weiblen

ABSTRACT: The antibody response to rabies virus (RABV) induced by commercial vaccines in heifers was investigated. For this, 84 heifers were vaccinated twice (30 days interval) with each of four vaccines (G1 = 14 animals; G2 = 24; G3 = 22 and G4 = 24) and received a booster vaccination 360 days later. Serum samples collected at different intervals after vaccination and 30 days after booster were submitted to a virus neutralizing (VN) assay for RABV antibodies. Thirty days after the second vaccine dose, 92% of the immunized animals presented VN titers ≥0.5UI/mL (geometric medium titers [GMT] 1.7 to 3.8UI/mL). At the day of the booster (360 days post-vaccination); however, the percentage of animals harboring antibody titers ≥0.5UI/mL had dropped to 31% (0-80% of the animals, depending on the vaccine), resulting in lower GMT (0.1 to 0.6UI/mL). Booster vaccination at day 360 resulted in a detectable anamnestic response in all groups, resulting in 83% of animals (65 to 100%) harboring VN titers ≥0.5UI/mL thirty days later (GMT 0.6 to 4.3UI/mL). These results indicated that these vaccines were able to induce an adequate anti-RABV response in all animals after prime vaccination (and after booster as well). However, the titers decreased, reaching titers <0.5UI/mL in approximately 70% of animals within the interval before the recommended booster. Thus, booster vaccination for rabies in cattle using the current vaccines should be performed before the recommended one-year interval, as to maintain neutralizing antibodies levels in most vaccinated animals.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0247216
Author(s):  
Kyra D. Zens ◽  
Vasiliki Baroutsou ◽  
Philipp Sinniger ◽  
Phung Lang

The goal of this study was to evaluate timeliness of Tick-borne Encephalitis vaccination uptake among adults in Switzerland. In this cross-sectional survey, we collected vaccination records from randomly selected adults 18–79 throughout Switzerland. Of 4,626 participants, data from individuals receiving at least 1 TBE vaccination (n = 1875) were evaluated. We determined year and age of first vaccination and vaccine compliance, evaluating dose timeliness. Participants were considered “on time” if they received doses according to the recommended schedule ± a 15% tolerance period. 45% of participants received their first TBE vaccination between 2006 and 2009, which corresponds to a 2006 change in the official recommendation for TBE vaccination in Switzerland. 25% were first vaccinated aged 50+ (mean age 37). More than 95% of individuals receiving the first dose also received the second; ~85% of those receiving the second dose received the third. For individuals completing the primary series, 30% received 3 doses of Encepur, 58% received 3 doses of FSME-Immun, and 12% received a combination. According to “conventional” schedules, 88% and 79% of individuals received their second and third doses “on time”, respectively. 20% of individuals receiving Encepur received their third dose “too early”. Of individuals completing primary vaccination, 19% were overdue for a booster. Among the 31% of subjects receiving a booster, mean time to first booster was 7.1 years. We estimate that a quarter of adults in Switzerland were first vaccinated for TBE aged 50+. Approximately 80% of participants receiving at least one vaccine dose completed the primary series. We further estimate that 66% of individuals completing the TBE vaccination primary series did so with a single vaccine type and adhered to the recommended schedule.


2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1126-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Ishola ◽  
Ray Borrow ◽  
Helen Findlow ◽  
Jamie Findlow ◽  
Caroline Trotter ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTSerogroup C meningococcal disease incidence and carriage declined rapidly in the United Kingdom after infant serogroup C conjugate vaccination was introduced in 1999, with catch-up vaccination for children under 18 years. Antibody levels and effectiveness waned quickly in children vaccinated at 2, 3, and 4 months of age. Therefore, in 2006, the current revised schedule of doses at 3, 4, and 12 months was introduced. This study assessed age-specific protection in 2009 compared with data from historical prevaccination and early postvaccination studies. Rabbit complement serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) was measured in anonymously banked serum samples collected in England in 2009 (n= 1,174), taking titers of ≥8 as protective. Age-stratified proportions of SBA titers that were ≥8 and geometric mean titers were compared. SBA titers varied markedly by birth cohort and time since vaccination. Overall, 35% of samples (95% confidence interval [CI], 33 to 38%) had titers that were ≥8. Only in cohorts eligible for catch-up vaccination did the majority of individuals have protective antibody levels. Antibody levels were higher in children eligible for vaccination at primary and secondary school ages, compared to those eligible below the age of 5 years. In those eligible for completed vaccination under the current schedule, protective levels were very modest and there was no evidence of superiority to cohorts that were eligible for the previous schedule. This supports a need for older childhood or adolescent booster vaccination in those previously eligible for vaccination during the infant, toddler, or preschool periods, to maintain direct protection and potentially enhance population immunity.


2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 674-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin E. M. Elberse ◽  
Irina Tcherniaeva ◽  
Guy A. M. Berbers ◽  
Leo M. Schouls

ABSTRACT We describe the optimization and application of a multiplex bead-based assay (Luminex) to quantify antibodies against polysaccharides of 13 pneumococcal serotypes. In the optimized multiplex immunoassay (MIA), intravenous immune globulin was introduced as an in-house reference serum, and nonspecific reacting antibodies were adsorbed with the commercial product pneumococcal C polysaccharides Multi. The antibody concentrations were assessed in 188 serum samples obtained pre- and post-booster vaccination at 11 months after administration of a primary series of the pneumococcal seven-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) at 2, 3, and 4 months of age. The results of the MIA were compared with those of the ELISA for the serotypes included in the seven-valent conjugated polysaccharide vaccine and for a non-vaccine serotype, serotype 6A. The geometric mean concentrations of the antibodies determined by MIA were slightly higher than those determined by ELISA. The correlations between the assays were good, with R 2 values ranging from 0.84 to 0.91 for all serotypes except serotype 19F, for which R 2 was 0.70. The concentrations of antibody against serotype 6A increased after the administration of PCV-7 due to cross-reactivity with serotype 6B. The differences between the results obtained by ELISA and MIA suggest that the internationally established protective threshold of 0.35 μg/ml should be reevaluated for use in the MIA and may need to be amended separately for each serotype.


Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Mendez-Legaza ◽  
Raúl Ortiz de Lejarazu ◽  
Ivan Sanz

Neuraminidase (NA) content is not standardized in current seasonal influenza vaccines; neither anti-NA antibodies (anti-NA Abs) are measured nor is it well-defined as a correlate of humoral protection. In this work, the presence of NA1 antibodies against classical A(H1N1) and A(H1N1) pdm09 subtypes was studied before and after vaccination with seasonal vaccines containing A/California/07/2009 strain (A(H1N1) pdm09 subtype). By Enzyme-Linked Lectin Assay (ELLA; Consortium for the Standardization of Influenza Seroepidemiology), we analyzed serum samples from two different cohorts (adults and elderly). The presence of anti-NA Abs at titers ≥1/40 against classical A(H1N1) and A(H1N1) pdm09 subtypes were frequently found in both age groups, in 81.3% and 96.3% of adults and elderly, respectively. The higher titers of anti-NA Abs (NAI titers) were detected more frequently against classical A(H1N1) strains according to the expected age when the first flu infection takes place. In this way, an Original Antigenic Sin phenomenon related to NA seems to be part of the immune response against flu. Seasonal-vaccination induced homologous seroconversion against NA of A(H1N1) pdm09 subtype in 52.5% and 55.0%, and increased the Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) in 70.0% and 78.8% of adults and elderly, respectively. Seasonal vaccination also induced a heterotypic anti-NA Abs response against classical A(H1N1) strains (seroconversion at least in 8.8% and 11.3% of adults and elderly, respectively, and an increase in GMTs of at least 28.0% in both age groups). These anti-NA Abs responses occur even though the seasonal vaccine does not contain a standardized amount of NA. This work demonstrates that seasonal vaccines containing the A(H1N1) pdm09 subtype induce a broad antibody response against NA1, that may be a target for future influenza vaccines. Our study is one of the first to analyze the presence of Abs against NA and the response mediated by NAI titers after seasonal influenza vaccination.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S24-S24
Author(s):  
Paula Peyrani ◽  
Chris Webber ◽  
Cindy Burman ◽  
Paul Balmer ◽  
John L Perez

Abstract Background A peak in meningococcal carriage and invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) occurs during adolescence and young adulthood. In the United States, preventive vaccination with a quadrivalent meningococcal (MenACWY) conjugate vaccine is recommended at age 11–12 years, with a booster dose given at age 16 years. MenACWY-TT (Nimenrix®), a MenACWY tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine, was first licensed in 2012 and is available in the European Union and 50 other countries. Immune responses to other MenACWY conjugate vaccines decline over several years following vaccination. Here, we review 2 recent studies evaluating the long-term persistence of MenACWY-TT immune responses in adolescents as well as safety and immunogenicity of a booster dose given 10 years after primary vaccination. Methods Both studies (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01934140, NCT03189745) were extensions of phase 2 or 3 studies of subjects 11–17 years of age given a single dose of MenACWY-TT or MenACWY polysaccharide vaccine (MenACWY-PS). Immune responses through 10 years after primary vaccination and after a Year 10 MenACWY-TT booster dose were measured by serum bactericidal antibody assays using baby rabbit complement (rSBA). Specific endpoints included percentages of subjects with rSBA titers ≥1:8 and ≥1:128 and geometric mean titers (GMTs). Booster dose safety and tolerability were also evaluated. Results In both studies, the percentages of subjects with rSBA titers ≥1:8 through 10 years postvaccination were generally higher or similar among MenACWY-TT (69.3%–91.2% at Year 10; n=137–163) compared with MenACWY-PS (24.4%–88.9%; n=45–53) recipients for all 4 serogroups (Figure); similar results were observed for GMTs (146.0–446.9 vs 12.9–191.0 at Year 10). One month after a MenACWY-TT booster dose, 97.7%–100% of subjects across groups had titers ≥1:8 (Figure), and GMTs were markedly higher than prebooster values. No new safety signals were identified following the booster dose. Figure 1. Subjects in each of the 2 studies with rSBA titers ≥1:8 before and at 1 month, 5 years, and 10 years after primary vaccination with MenACWY-TT or MenACWY-PS at 11–17 years of age and 1 month after booster vaccination with MenACWY-TT at 10 years following primary vaccination. Conclusion Functional antibodies for all 4 serogroups persisted through 10 years after MenACWY-TT adolescent vaccination, suggesting that this vaccine may help prevent IMD throughout the lengthy risk period in this group. A MenACWY-TT booster dose may further extend protection regardless of the primary vaccine received. Funded by Pfizer. Disclosures Paula Peyrani, MD, Pfizer Inc (Employee, Shareholder) Chris Webber, MD, Pfizer Inc (Employee, Shareholder) Cindy Burman, PharmD, Pfizer Inc (Employee, Shareholder) Paul Balmer, PhD, Pfizer Inc (Employee, Shareholder) John L. Perez, MD, MA, Pfizer Inc (Employee, Shareholder)


Author(s):  
Vivek Naranbhai ◽  
Claire A. Pernat ◽  
Alexander Gavralidis ◽  
Kerri J. St Denis ◽  
Evan C. Lam ◽  
...  

PURPOSE The immunogenicity and reactogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with cancer are poorly understood. METHODS We performed a prospective cohort study of adults with solid-organ or hematologic cancers to evaluate anti–SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin A/M/G spike antibodies, neutralization, and reactogenicity ≥ 7 days following two doses of mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, or one dose of Ad26.COV2.S. We analyzed responses by multivariate regression and included data from 1,638 healthy controls, previously reported, for comparison. RESULTS Between April and July 2021, we enrolled 1,001 patients; 762 were eligible for analysis (656 had neutralization measured). mRNA-1273 was the most immunogenic (log10 geometric mean concentration [GMC] 2.9, log10 geometric mean neutralization titer [GMT] 2.3), followed by BNT162b2 (GMC 2.4; GMT 1.9) and Ad26.COV2.S (GMC 1.5; GMT 1.4; P < .001). The proportion of low neutralization (< 20% of convalescent titers) among Ad26.COV2.S recipients was 69.9%. Prior COVID-19 infection (in 7.1% of the cohort) was associated with higher responses ( P < .001). Antibody titers and neutralization were quantitatively lower in patients with cancer than in comparable healthy controls, regardless of vaccine type ( P < .001). Receipt of chemotherapy in the prior year or current steroids were associated with lower antibody levels and immune checkpoint blockade with higher neutralization. Systemic reactogenicity varied by vaccine and correlated with immune responses ( P = .002 for concentration, P = .016 for neutralization). In 32 patients who received an additional vaccine dose, side effects were similar to prior doses, and 30 of 32 demonstrated increased antibody titers (GMC 1.05 before additional dose, 3.17 after dose). CONCLUSION Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are modestly impaired in patients with cancer. These data suggest utility of antibody testing to identify patients for whom additional vaccine doses may be effective and appropriate, although larger prospective studies are needed.


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