scholarly journals Tajima D test accurately forecasts Omicron / COVID-19 outbreak

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-Yu Yeh ◽  
Gregory P. Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Nucleotide Diversity ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Previous Analysis ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
World Health ◽  
Spike Gene ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractOn 26 November 2021, the World Health Organization designated the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.529, Omicron, a variant of concern. However, the phylogenetic and evolutionary dynamics of this variant remain unclear. An analysis of the 131 Omicron variant sequences from November 9 to November 28, 2021 reveals that variants have diverged into at least 6 major subgroups. 86.3% of the cases have an insertion at amino acid 214 (INS214EPE) of the spike protein. Neutrality analysis of DH (−2.814, p<0.001) and Zeng’s E (0.0583, p=1.0) tests suggested that directional selection was the major driving force of Omicron variant evolution. The synonymous (Dsyn) and nonsynonymous (Dnonsyn) polymorphisms of the Omicron variant spike gene were estimated with Tajima’s D statistic to eliminate homogenous effects. Both D ratio (Dnonsyn/Dsyn, 1.57) and ΔD (Dsyn-Dnonsyn, 0.63) indicate that purifying selection operates at present. The low nucleotide diversity (0.00008) and Tajima D value (−2.709, p<0.001) also confirms that Omicron variants had already spread in human population for more than the 6 weeks than has been reported. These results, along with our previous analysis of Delta and Lambda variants, also supports the validity of the Tajima’s D test score, with a threshold value as −2.50, as an accurate predictor of new COVID-19 outbreaks.

40 Years without Smallpox

Acta Naturae ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Shchelkunova ◽  
S. N. Shchelkunov
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Human Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Eradication Program ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Prevention And Therapy

The last case of natural smallpox was recorded in October, 1977. It took humanity almost 20 years to achieve that feat after the World Health Organization had approved the global smallpox eradication program. Vaccination against smallpox was abolished, and, during the past 40 years, the human population has managed to lose immunity not only to smallpox, but to other zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections as well. As a result, multiple outbreaks of orthopoxvirus infections in humans in several continents have been reported over the past decades. The threat of smallpox reemergence as a result of evolutionary transformations of these zoonotic orthopoxviruses exists. Modern techniques for the diagnostics, prevention, and therapy of smallpox and other orthopoxvirus infections are being developed today.

scholarly journals First identification of SARS-CoV-2 Lambda (C.37) variant in Southern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Lamb Wink ◽  
Fabiana Caroline Zempulski Volpato ◽  
Francielle Liz Monteiro ◽  
Julia Biz Willig ◽  
Alexandre P. Zavascki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
First Report ◽  
Spike Gene ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

In June 15, 2021, the lineage Lambda (C.37) of SARS-CoV-2 was considered a variant of interest (VOI) by the World Health Organization. This lineage has high prevalence in some South America countries but it was described only occasionally in Brazil. Here we describe the first report of the SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant in Southern Brazil. The sequence described in this paper presented all the eight C.37 defining lineage mutations (ORF1a gene: del916;3675-3677; Spike gene: del16;246-252, G75V, T76I, L452Q, F490S, D614G, and T859N) in addition to other 19 mutations. Considering that this VOI has been associated with high rates of transmissibility, the possible spread in the Southern Brazilian community is a matter of concern.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemics: Effects and Prevention

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Aborode ◽  
Kubeyinje Winner ◽  
Oni Ebenezer Ayomide
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Human Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
New Class ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All

A new class of corona virus, known as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has been found to be responsible for occurrence of this disease. As far as the history of human civilization is concerned there are instances of severe outbreaks of diseases caused by a number of viruses. According to the report of the World Health Organization (WHO as of June 5, 2020), the current pandemic of COVID-19 has affected 6,749,371 people, 3,277, 596 recovered and killed 394,527 people in 215 countries throughout the world. Till now there is no report of any clinically approved antiviral drugs or vaccines that are effective against COVID-19. It has rapidly spread around the world, posing enormous health, economic, environmental and social challenges to the entire human population. The coronavirus outbreak is severely disrupting the global economy. Almost all the nations are struggling to slow down the transmission of the disease by testing and treating patients, quarantining suspected persons through contact tracing, restricting large gatherings, maintaining complete or partial lock down etc. This paper describes the effects of COVID-19 on society and global environment, and the possible ways in which the disease can be prevented or controlled.

scholarly journals The Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variant Lambda (C.37) in South America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro E. Romero ◽  
Alejandra Davila-Barclay ◽  
Guillermo Salvatierra ◽  
Luis Gonzalez ◽  
Diego Cuicapuza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Spike Gene ◽  
Synonymous Mutations ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Alpha Beta ◽  
Health Organization

We report the emergence of a novel lineage of SARS-CoV-2 in South America, termed C.37. It presents a deletion in the ORF1a gene (Δ3675-3677), also found in variants of concern (VOCs) Alpha, Beta, and Gamma, and seven non-synonymous mutations in the Spike gene (Δ247-253, G75V, T76I, L452Q, F490S, T859N). Initially reported in Lima, Peru, in late December 2020, it now accounts for almost 100% of Peruvian genomes in April 2021. It is expanding in Chile and Argentina, and there is evidence of onward transmission in Colombia, Mexico, the USA, Germany, and Israel. On June 15, 2021, the World Health Organization designated C.37 as Variant of Interest (VOI) Lambda.

scholarly journals Arsenic in forests – a short review

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Michopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Short Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Organic As

Abstract The inputs of As in forest ecosystems have declined since the eighties when the higher concentrations of that metalloid were observed due to industrial activities. The As inputs to the forest floor include throughfall and litterfall where dry deposition is an appreciable percentage. This is manifested by the higher As concentration in older needles of conifers and the enrichment of throughfall relative to the bulk deposition. The throughfall and the forest floor convert the inorganic As into methylated organic As and in this way reduce its toxicity. In unpolluted forests the vast percentage of As is retained in soils because the oxides of Fe and Al are very efficient holders. In polluted forested soils the As can become mobile and enrich the surface runoff waters approaching even the threshold value set by the World Health Organization. For this reason forest soils with high concentration of As due to former high loads should be monitored.

Erstes Instrument zur standardisierten Erfassung der Teilhabe Behinderter

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (07) ◽  
pp. 526-527
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Menschen Mit Behinderung

Coenen M et al. [Recommendation for the collection and analysis of data on participation and disability from the perspective of the World Health Organization]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2016; 59: 1060–1067 Um eine gleichberechtigte Teilhabe an der Gesellschaft von Menschen mit Behinderung zu ermöglichen, werden zunächst Daten zu vorhandenen Einschränkungen gebraucht. Erst wenn diese detailliert erhoben wurden, können Konzepte zur Beseitigung von Problemen entwickelt werden. Ein standardisiertes Erhebungsinstrument für alle Aspekte der Funktionsfähigkeit fehlte jedoch bisher.

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