scholarly journals Brain ageing in schizophrenia: evidence from 26 international cohorts via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantinos Constantinides ◽  
Laura KM Han ◽  
Clara Alloza ◽  
Linda Antonucci ◽  
Celso Arango ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Brain Ageing ◽  
Increased Risk

Schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with an increased risk of life-long cognitive impairments, age-related chronic disease, and premature mortality. We investigated evidence for advanced brain ageing in adult SZ patients, and whether this was associated with clinical characteristics in a prospective meta-analytic study conducted by the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group. The study included data from 26 cohorts worldwide, with a total of 2803 SZ patients (mean age 34.2 years; range 18-72 years; 67% male) and 2598 healthy controls (mean age 33.8 years, range 18-73 years, 55% male). Brain-predicted age was individually estimated using a model trained on independent data based on 68 measures of cortical thickness and surface area, 7 subcortical volumes, lateral ventricular volumes and total intracranial volume, all derived from T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Deviations from a healthy brain ageing trajectory were assessed by the difference between brain-predicted age and chronological age (brain-predicted age difference [brain-PAD]). On average, SZ patients showed a higher brain-PAD of +3.64 years (95% CI: 3.01, 4.26; I2 = 55.28%) compared to controls, after adjusting for age and sex (Cohen's d = 0.50). Among SZ patients, brain-PAD was not associated with specific clinical characteristics (age of onset, duration of illness, symptom severity, or antipsychotic use and dose). This large-scale collaborative study suggests advanced structural brain ageing in SZ. Longitudinal studies of SZ and a range of mental and somatic health outcomes will help to further evaluate the clinical implications of increased brain-PAD and its ability to be influenced by interventions.

scholarly journals Longitudinal trajectories of brain age in young individuals at familial risk of mood disorder from the Scottish Bipolar Family Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Laura de Nooij ◽  
Mathew A. Harris ◽  
Emma L. Hawkins ◽  
Toni-Kim Clarke ◽  
Xueyi Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorder ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Family Study ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Brain Ageing ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Brain Age

Background: Within young individuals, mood disorder onset may be related to changes in trajectory of brain structure development. To date, however, longitudinal prospective studies remain scarce and show partly contradictory findings, with a lack of emphasis on changes at the level of global brain patterns. Cross-sectional adult studies have applied such methods and show that mood disorders are associated with accelerated brain ageing. Currently, it remains unclear whether young individuals show differential brain structure aging trajectories associated with onset of mood disorder and/or presence of familial risk. Methods: Participants included young individuals (15-30 years, 53%F) from the prospective longitudinal Scottish Bipolar Family Study with and without close family history of mood disorder. All were well at time of recruitment. Implementing a structural MRI-based brain age prediction model, we globally assessed individual trajectories of age-related structural change using the difference between predicted brain age and chronological age (brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD)) at baseline and at 2-year follow-up. Based on follow-up clinical assessment, individuals were categorised into three groups: (i) controls who remained well (C-well, n = 93), (ii) high familial risk who remained well (HR-well, n = 74) and (iii) high familial risk who developed a mood disorder (HR-MD, n = 35). Results: At baseline, brain-PAD was comparable between groups. Results showed statistically significant negative trajectories of brain-PAD between baseline and follow-up for HR-MD versus C-well (β = -0.60, pcorrected < 0.001) and HR-well (β = -0.36, pcorrected = 0.02), with a potential intermediate trajectory for HR-well (β = -0.24 years, pcorrected = 0.06).   Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that within young individuals, onset of mood disorder and familial risk may be associated with a deceleration in brain structure aging trajectories. Extended longitudinal research will need to corroborate findings of emerging maturational lags in relation to mood disorder risk and onset.

scholarly journals Age difference in the combined effect of soda drinks consumption and body adiposity on hyperuricemia in US adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Wei-Ting Lin ◽  
Yu-Hsiang Kao ◽  
Hui-Yi Lin ◽  
Mirandy S. Li ◽  
Ting Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Age ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Body Adiposity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Objective: To evaluate age-related differences in the independent/combined association of added sugar intake from soda and body adiposity with hyperuricemia in gender stratified US adults. Design: Consumption of added sugar from soda was calculated from 24-h dietary interviews and categorized into none, regular, and excessive consumption. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid levels >7 mg/dL in men and >6 mg/dL in women. Multiple regression models with interaction terms and logistic models adjusted for covariates were conducted under survey-data modules. Setting: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 2007-2016. Participants: 15,338 adults without gout, failing kidneys, an eGFR<30 or diabetes were selected. Results: The age stratified prevalence rate of hyperuricemia was 18.8-20.4% in males and 6.8-17.3% in females. Hyperuricemia prevalence of approximately 50% was observed in young and middle age males who consumed excessive added sugar from soda. Excessive added sugar intake was observed to be associated with a 1.5- to 2.0- fold and 2.0- to 2.3- fold increased risk of the probability of hyperuricemia in young and middle age males and middle age females, respectively. Study participants, regardless of age or gender, who were obese and consumed excessive added sugar from soda had the highest risk of having hyperuricemia. Conclusion: Our study revealed that the association between hyperuricemia and consumption of excessive added sugar from soda may vary by age and gender. Obese adults who consumed excessive added sugar from soda had the highest risk of hyperuricemia, a finding that was found across all age-specific groups for both genders.

scholarly journals How About Glymphatic System Function in Patients With Migraine?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Ah Lee ◽  
Bong Soo Park ◽  
Junghae Ko ◽  
Il Hwan Kim ◽  
Jin Han Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
System Function ◽  
Glymphatic System ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Abstract Background: There have been no studies evaluating the glymphatic system function in patients with migraine. In this study, we evaluated the alterations in glymphatic system function in patients with migraine compared to healthy controls using a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) method. We also investigated the differences in glymphatic system function between migraine patients with and without aura using the ALPS method.Methods: We prospectively enrolled patients with migraine and healthy controls. All brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including DTI, in participants, patients with migraine, and healthy controls were obtained using the same MRI scanner. We calculated the ALPS index and compared the differences in the ALPS index between patients with migraine and healthy controls, and between migraine patients with and without aura. In addition, we conducted a correlation analysis between glymphatic system function and the clinical characteristics of migraine.Results: We enrolled 92 patients with migraine and 80 healthy controls. There were no significant differences in the ALPS index between patients with migraine and healthy controls (1.655 vs. 1.713, p = 0.233), and between migraine patients with and without aura (1.690 vs. 1.645, p = 0.601). There were no significant correlations between the ALPS index and clinical characteristics of migraine, including age (r = -0.070, p = 0.507), age of onset (r = 0.066, p = 0.552), disease duration (r = -0.115, p = 0.306), attack frequency (r = -0.049, p = 0.668), and headache intensity (r = -0.003, p = 0.976).Conclusions: There was no glymphatic system dysfunction in patients with migraine. In addition, there were no differences in glymphatic system function between migraine patients with and without aura. We also demonstrated the feasibility of the ALPS method, which can be used for further research on various neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Parkinson’s Disease in Central Asian and Transcaucasian Countries: A Review of Epidemiology, Genetics, Clinical Characteristics, and Access to Care

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Rauan Kaiyrzhanov ◽  
Mie Rizig ◽  
Akbota Aitkulova ◽  
Nazira Zharkinbekova ◽  
Chingiz Shashkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Made In

Our understanding of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has significantly accelerated over the last few years, but predominant advances have been made in developed, Western countries. Little is known about PD in the Central Asian (CA) and Transcaucasian (TC) countries. Here, we review the clinical characteristics, treatments used, epidemiology, and genetics of PD in CA and TC countries via a methodological search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. For the acquisition of PD care-related data, the search was extended to the local web resources. Our findings showed that PD prevalence in the region is averaging 62 per 100,000 population. The mean age of onset is 56.4 ± 2.8 in females and 63.3 ± 3.5 in males. Large-scale national studies on PD prevalence from the region are currently lacking. A limited number of genetic studies with small cohorts and inconclusive results were identified. The G2019S LRRK2 mutation, the commonest mutation in PD worldwide, was found in 5.7% of patients with idiopathic PD and 17.6% of familial cases in 153 Uzbek patients. Our review highlighted systematic deficiencies in PD health care in the region including lacks of neurologists specializing in PD, delays in PD diagnosis, absence of specialized PD nurses and PD rehab services, limited access to PD medications and surgery, and the unavailability of PD infusion therapies. Overall, this article demonstrated the paucity of data on this common neurological disorder in CA and TC countries and identified a number of healthcare areas that require an urgent consideration. We conclude that well-designed large-scale epidemiological, genetic, and clinical studies are desperately needed in this region. Healthcare professionals, local and national institutions, and stakeholders must come together to address deficiencies in PD healthcare systems in CA and TC countries.

scholarly journals Association of Polygenic Liability for Alcohol Dependence and EEG Connectivity in Adolescence and Young Adulthood

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacquelyn L. Meyers ◽  
David B. Chorlian ◽  
Emma C. Johnson ◽  
Ashwini K. Pandey ◽  
Chella Kamarajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Eeg Connectivity ◽  
Use Behavior

Differences in the connectivity of large-scale functional brain networks among individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUD), as well as those at risk for AUD, point to dysfunctional neural communication and related cognitive impairments. In this study, we examined how polygenic risk scores (PRS), derived from a recent GWAS of DSM-IV Alcohol Dependence (AD) conducted by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, relate to longitudinal measures of interhemispheric and intrahemispheric EEG connectivity (alpha, theta, and beta frequencies) in adolescent and young adult offspring from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) assessed between ages 12 and 31. Our findings indicate that AD PRS (p-threshold < 0.001) was associated with increased fronto-central, tempo-parietal, centro-parietal, and parietal-occipital interhemispheric theta and alpha connectivity in males only from ages 18–31 (beta coefficients ranged from 0.02–0.06, p-values ranged from 10−6–10−12), but not in females. Individuals with higher AD PRS also demonstrated more performance deficits on neuropsychological tasks (Tower of London task, visual span test) as well as increased risk for lifetime DSM-5 alcohol and opioid use disorders. We conclude that measures of neural connectivity, together with neurocognitive performance and substance use behavior, can be used to further understanding of how genetic risk variants from large GWAS of AUD may influence brain function. In addition, these data indicate the importance of examining sex and developmental effects, which otherwise may be masked. Understanding of neural mechanisms linking genetic variants emerging from GWAS to risk for AUD throughout development may help to identify specific points when neurocognitive prevention and intervention efforts may be most effective.

Affect trumps age: A person-in-context relational view of age and motivation in SLA

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone E Pfenninger ◽  
David Singleton
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
School Level ◽  
Language Experience ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Late Starters

Recent findings (see, for example, Muñoz and Singleton, 2011) indicate that age of onset is not a strong determinant of instructed foreign language (FL) learners’ achievement and that age is intricately connected with social and psychological factors shaping the learner’s overall FL experience. The present study, accordingly, takes a participant-active approach by examining and comparing second language (L2) data, motivation questionnaire data, and language experience essays collected from a cohort of 200 Swiss learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) at the beginning and end of secondary school. These were used to analyse (1) whether in the long run early instructed FL learners in Switzerland outperform late instructed FL learners, and if so the extent to which motivation can explain this phenomenon, (2) the development of FL motivation and attitudes as students ascend the educational ladder, (3) the degree to which school-level variables affect age-related differences, and (4) learners’ beliefs about the age factor. We set out to combine large-scale quantitative methods (multilevel analyses) with individual-level qualitative data. While the results reveal clear differences with respect to rate of acquisition in favor of the late starters, whose motivation is more strongly goal- and future-focused at the first measurement, there is no main effect for starting age at the end of mandatory school time. Qualitative analyses of language experience essays offer insights into early and late starters’ L2 learning experience over the course of secondary school, capturing the multi-faceted complexity of the role played by starting age.

scholarly journals Longitudinal trajectories of brain age in young individuals at familial risk of mood disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Laura de Nooij ◽  
Mathew A. Harris ◽  
Emma L. Hawkins ◽  
Toni-Kim Clarke ◽  
Xueyi Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorder ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Brain Ageing ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Brain Age

Background: Within young individuals, mood disorder onset may be related to changes in trajectory of brain structure development. To date, however, longitudinal prospective studies remain scarce and show partly contradictory findings, with a lack of emphasis on changes at the level of global brain patterns. Cross-sectional adult studies have applied such methods and show that mood disorders are associated with accelerated brain ageing. Currently, it remains unclear whether young individuals show differential brain structure ageing trajectories associated with onset of mood disorder and/or presence of familial risk. Methods: Participants included young individuals (15-30 years, 53%F) from the prospective longitudinal Scottish Bipolar Family Study with and without close family history of mood disorder. All were well at time of recruitment. Implementing a structural MRI-based brain age prediction model, we globally assessed individual trajectories of age-related structural change using the difference between predicted brain age and chronological age (brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD)) at baseline and at 2-year follow-up. Based on follow-up clinical assessment, individuals were categorised into three groups: (i) controls who remained well (C-well, n = 93), (ii) high familial risk who remained well (HR-well, n = 74) and (iii) high familial risk who developed a mood disorder (HR-MD, n = 35). Results: At baseline, brain-PAD was comparable between groups. Results showed statistically significant negative trajectories of brain-PAD between baseline and follow-up for HR-MD versus C-well (β = -0.60, pcorrected < 0.001) and HR-well (β = -0.36, pcorrected = 0.02), with a potential intermediate trajectory for HR-well (β = -0.24 years, pcorrected = 0.06).   Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that within young individuals, onset of mood disorder and familial risk may be associated with a deceleration in brain structure ageing trajectories. Extended longitudinal research will need to corroborate findings of emerging maturational lags in relation to mood disorder risk and onset.

scholarly journals Impact of Peripheral Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction on White Matter Hyperintensity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takumi Toya ◽  
Jaskanwal D. Sara ◽  
Eugene L. Scharf ◽  
Ali Ahmad ◽  
Valentina Nardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
White Matter Hyperintensity ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Peripheral Arterial Tonometry ◽  
Arterial Tonometry ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Peripheral Arterial

Background White matter hyperintensity (WMH), characterized by hyperintensities on T2‐weighted fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery brain magnetic resonance imaging, has been linked to an increased risk of ischemic stroke (IS). Endothelial dysfunction is an indicator of vascular dysfunction, predicting the risk of IS. This study aimed to investigate the association between endothelial dysfunction and regional WMH, and its impact on future risk of IS. Methods and Results We enrolled 219 patients (mean age, 53.1±14.1 years; 34.7% men) who underwent peripheral endothelial function assessment using reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry and brain magnetic resonance imaging without any history of IS. Volumetric WMH segmentation was automatically extrapolated using a validated automated digital tool. Total and juxtacortical WMH volume/intracranial volume (%) increased with aging and became more prominent in patients aged >50 years (n=131) than those aged ≤50 years (n=88) (total WMH: ≤50 years, Pearson r =0.24, P =0.03; >50 years, Pearson r =0.62, P <0.0001; juxtacortical WMH: ≤50 years, Pearson r =0.09, P =0.40; >50 years, Pearson r =0.55, P <0.0001). Reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry index was negatively associated with total and juxtacortical WMH volume/intracranial volume (%) in patients aged >50 years after adjustment for other covariates (reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry index, standardized β coefficient −0.17, P =0.04). Juxtacortical WMH volume/intracranial volume (%) was associated with an increased risk of IS during median follow‐up of 6.5 years (hazard ratio, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.05–1.92; P =0.03). Conclusions Peripheral endothelial dysfunction is associated with an increased volume of juxtacortical WMH in patients aged >50 years, which is a potential marker to predict future risk of IS.

scholarly journals Accelerated brain ageing and disability in multiple sclerosis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Cole ◽  
J Raffel ◽  
T Friede ◽  
A Eshaghi ◽  
W Brownlee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Research University ◽  
Study Entry ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Disability Progression ◽  
Brain Ageing ◽  
The Brain

SummaryBackgroundBrain atrophy occurs in both normal ageing and in multiple sclerosis (MS), but it occurs at a faster rate in MS, where it is the major driver of disability progression. Here, we employed a neuroimaging biomarker of structural brain ageing to explore how MS influences the brain ageing process.MethodsIn a longitudinal, multi-centre sample of 3,565 MRI scans in 1,204 MS/clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) patients and 150 healthy controls (HCs) (mean follow-up time: patients 3⋅41 years, HCs 1⋅97 years) we measured ‘brain-predicted age’ using T1-weighted MRI. Brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD) was calculated as the difference between the brain-predicted age and chronological age. Positive brain-PAD indicates a brain appears older than its chronological age. We compared brain-PAD between MS/CIS patients and HCs, and between disease subtypes. In patients, the relationship between brain-PAD and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) at study entry and over time was explored.FindingsAdjusted for age, sex, intracranial volume, cohort and scanner effects MS/CIS patients had markedly older-appearing brains than HCs (mean brain-PAD 11⋅8 years [95% CI 9⋅1—14⋅5] versus −0⋅01 [−3⋅0—3⋅0], p<0⋅0001). All MS subtypes had greater brain-PAD scores than HCs, with the oldest-appearing brains in secondary-progressive MS (mean brain-PAD 18⋅0 years [15⋅4—20⋅5], p<0⋅05). At baseline, higher brain-PAD was associated with a higher EDSS, longer time since diagnosis and a younger age at diagnosis. Brain-PAD at study entry significantly predicted time-to-EDSS progression (hazard ratio 1⋅02 [1⋅01—1⋅03], p<0⋅0001): for every 5 years of additional brain-PAD, the risk of progression increased by 14⋅2%.InterpretationMS increases brain ageing across all MS subtypes. An older-appearing brain at baseline was associated with more rapid disability progression, suggesting ‘brain-age’ could be an individualised prognostic biomarker from a single, cross-sectional assessment.FundingUK MS Society; National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre.

scholarly journals The COVID-19 Pandemic and Planetary Health. A Critical Review of Epidemiology, Prevention, Clinical Characteristics and Treatments for Oral, Head and Neck Health Professionals. Do We Have a Roadmap?

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (03) ◽  
pp. e351-e358
Author(s):  
Geraldo Pereira Jotz ◽  
Airton Stein ◽  
Sérgio Sirena ◽  
Enrique Barros ◽  
Julio Baldisserotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Planetary Health ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Introduction Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is potentially the greatest global public health crisis of this century. This disease emerged as an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan, the capital city of the Hubei province in China, in December 2019. Otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons and dentists are at an increased risk of occupational disease. Objective The present review summarizes currently published evidence of Covid-19 epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatment and prevention. No proven effective treatments for this disease currently exist. Data Synthesis COVID-19 started from a zoonotic transmission event associated with a large seafood market that also traded in live wild animals, and it soon became clear that efficient person-to-person transmission was also occurring. Symptoms are varied, and not all patients develop all of them. Conclusion Social distancing seems to have been successful in several places in the world. However, this recommendation alone is not enough to contain the disease, and it is not a long-term solution. Large-scale testing by health professionals of representative samples of the population may give an estimate of the progression of the disease. Different treatments are under test and bring hope of a cure to the population. However, no current treatments (April 27, 2020) have been proven to be the key to success in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Planetary health is a useful concept to understand the current drivers of this pandemic and to draw a roadmap for science and healthcare that may guide actions to fight economic depression and ensure a healthy recovery.

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