scholarly journals Astrogliosis mapping in individual brains using multidimensional MRI

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Benjamini ◽  
David S Priemer ◽  
Daniel P Perl ◽  
David L brody ◽  
Peter J Basser
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Cortical Tissue ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Spatial Sensitivity ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Histological Images ◽  
The Individual

There are currently no noninvasive imaging methods available for astrogliosis mapping in the central nervous system despite its essential role in the response to injury, disease, and infection. We have developed a machine learning-based multidimensional MRI framework that provides a signature of astrogliosis, distinguishing it from normative brain at the individual level. We investigated ex vivo cortical tissue specimen derived from subjects who sustained blast induced injuries, which resulted in scar-border forming astrogliosis without being accompanied by other types of neuropathology. By performing a combined postmortem radiology and histopathology correlation study we found that astrogliosis induces microstructural changes that are robustly detected using our framework, resulting in MRI neuropathology maps that are significantly and strongly correlated with co-registered histological images of increased glial fibrillary acidic protein deposition. The demonstrated high spatial sensitivity in detecting reactive astrocytes at the individual level has great potential to significantly impact neuroimaging studies in diseases, injury, repair, and aging.

scholarly journals Fair data for next-generation management of multiple sclerosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1151-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liesbet M Peeters
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Multidisciplinary Treatment ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Disease Modifying Drugs ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Precision Level ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive demyelinating and degenerative disease of the central nervous system with symptoms depending on the disease type and the site of lesions and is featured by heterogeneity of clinical expressions and responses to treatment strategies. An individualized clinical follow-up and multidisciplinary treatment is required. Transforming the population-based management of today into an individualized, personalized and precision-level management is a major goal in research. Indeed, a complex and unique interplay between genetic background and environmental exposure in each case likely determines clinical heterogeneity. To reach insights at the individual level, extensive amount of data are required. Many databases have been developed over the last few decades, but access to them is limited, and data are acquired in different ways and differences in definitions and indexing and software platforms preclude direct integration. Most existing (inter)national registers and IT platforms are strictly observational or focus on disease epidemiology or access to new disease modifying drugs. Here, a method to revolutionize management of MS to a personalized, individualized and precision level is outlined. The key to achieve this next level is FAIR data.

scholarly journals Systematic Review: A Prevention-Based Model of Neuropsychological Assessment for Children With Medical Illness

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 815-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina K. Hardy ◽  
Katie Olson ◽  
Stephany M. Cox ◽  
Tess Kennedy ◽  
Karin S. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Medical Illness ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Care Models ◽  
Neuropsychological Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Objective Many pediatric chronic illnesses have shown increased survival rates, leading to greater focus on cognitive and psychosocial issues. Neuropsychological services have traditionally been provided only after significant changes in the child’s cognitive or adaptive functioning have occurred. This model of care is at odds with preventative health practice, including early identification and intervention of neuropsychological changes related to medical illness. We propose a tiered model of neuropsychological evaluation aiming to provide a preventative, risk-adapted level of assessment service to individuals with medical conditions impacting the central nervous system based on public health and clinical decision-making care models. Methods Elements of the proposed model have been used successfully in various pediatric medical populations. We summarize these studies in association with the proposed evaluative tiers in our model. Results and Conclusions This model serves to inform interventions through the various levels of assessment, driven by evidence of need at the individual level in real time.

scholarly journals Nasal Epithelial Cell-Based Models for Individualized Study in Cystic Fibrosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4448
Author(s):  
Duncan E. Keegan ◽  
John J. Brewington
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Nasal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ex Vivo Culture ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
Individual Disease

The emergence of highly effective CFTR modulator therapy has led to significant improvements in health care for most patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). For some, however, these therapies remain inaccessible due to the rarity of their individual CFTR variants, or due to a lack of biologic activity of the available therapies for certain variants. One proposed method of addressing this gap is the use of primary human cell-based models, which allow preclinical therapeutic testing and physiologic assessment of relevant tissue at the individual level. Nasal cells represent one such tissue source and have emerged as a powerful model for individual disease study. The ex vivo culture of nasal cells has evolved over time, and modern nasal cell models are beginning to be utilized to predict patient outcomes. This review will discuss both historical and current state-of-the art use of nasal cells for study in CF, with a particular focus on the use of such models to inform personalized patient care.

Surrogate endpoints for overall survival (OS) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC): Evaluation using individual data of 23,737 patients

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6035-6035
Author(s):  
S. Michiels ◽  
A. Le Maître ◽  
M. Buyse ◽  
T. Burzykowski ◽  
J. Bogaerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Surrogate Endpoint ◽  
Bivariate Distribution ◽  
Surrogate Endpoints ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

6035 Background: The gold standard endpoint in randomized trials of HNSCC is OS. Our objective was to study if event-free survival (EFS) or loco-regional control (LRC) could be good surrogate endpoints to estimate the effect of radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT) on OS. This would permit to decrease the duration and cost of the development of new treatments for HNSCC. Methods: EFS is the time from randomization to first event (loco-regional, distant recurrence or death), LRC the time from randomization to first loco-regional event. Individual patient data from two meta-analyses (MARCH; Bourhis, Lancet 2006, MACH-NC; Bourhis, ASCO 2004) were used. At the individual level, the rank correlation coefficient ρ between the surrogate endpoint (EFS or LRC) and OS was estimated from the bivariate distribution of these endpoints. At the trial level, the correlation coefficient R between treatment effects (estimated by log hazard ratios) on the surrogate endpoint and OS was estimated from a linear regression. EFS and LRC would be acceptable surrogates only if the correlation coefficients ρ and R were close to 1. Results: At the individual level, EFS was more strongly correlated with OS than LRC. For RT, treatment effects on both LRC and EFS were strongly correlated with those on OS. For CT, the correlation coefficients between treatment effects on EFS and OS were larger than those between LRC and OS. Conclusions: The preliminary analysis indicates that EFS can be used as a surrogate for OS to evaluate the treatment effect in randomized trials of patients with HNSCC. LRC is a possible alternative in RT alone trials. Unrestricted grants from ARC, LNCC, PHRC, Sanofi-Aventis. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Do genomics and sex predict migration in a partially migratory salmonid fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss?

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 2080-2088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne J. Kelson ◽  
Michael R. Miller ◽  
Tasha Q. Thompson ◽  
Sean M. O’Rourke ◽  
Stephanie M. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Specific Genomic Region

Partial migration is a common phenomenon wherein populations include migratory and resident individuals. Whether an individual migrates or not has important ecological and management implications, particularly within protected populations. Within partially migratory populations of Oncorhynchus mykiss, migration is highly correlated with a specific genomic region, but it is unclear how well this region predicts migration at the individual level. Here, we relate sex and life history genotype, determined using >400 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the migratory-linked genomic region, to life history expression of marked juvenile O. mykiss from two tributaries to the South Fork Eel River, northern California. Most resident fish were resident genotypes (57% resident, 37% heterozygous, 6% migratory genotype) and male (78%). Most migratory fish were female (62%), but were a mixture of genotypes (30% resident, 45% heterozygous, 25% migratory genotype). Sex was more strongly correlated with life history expression than genotype, but the best-supported model included both. Resident genotypes regularly migrated, highlighting the importance of conserving the full suite of life history and genetic diversity in partially migratory populations.

scholarly journals Trophic and individual efficiencies of size-structured communities

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1654) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.H Andersen ◽  
J.E Beyer ◽  
P Lundberg
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Size

Individual and trophic efficiencies of size-structured communities are derived from mechanistically based principles at the individual level. The derivations are relevant for communities with a size-based trophic structure, i.e. where trophic level is strongly correlated with individual size as in many aquatic systems. The derivations are used to link Lindeman's trophic theory and trophic theory based on average individuals with explicit individual-level size spectrum theory. The trophic efficiency based on the transfer of mass between trophic levels through predator–prey interactions is demonstrated to be valid only when somatic growth can be ignored. Taking somatic growth into account yields an average individual growth efficiency that is smaller than the trophic efficiency.

scholarly journals How to characterise shared space use networks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klara M. Wanelik ◽  
Damien R. Farine
Keyword(s):  
Space Use ◽  
New Method ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
The Real ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Real Network ◽  
Shared Space ◽  
Sampling Regime ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTStudying the social behaviour of small or cryptic species often relies on constructing space-sharing networks from sparse point-based observations of individuals. Such an approach assumes that individuals that have greater shared space use will also interact more. However, there is very little guidance on how much data are required to construct meaningful space-sharing networks, or on how to interpret the relationships generated from such networks. In this study, we quantify the robustness of space-sharing networks to different sampling regimes, providing much needed guidance for informing the choice of sampling regime when designing studies to accurately quantify space sharing. We then describe the characteristics of space use in a wild population of field voles (Microtus agrestis), and use this empirical dataset to develop a new method for generating shared space use networks which are generally more strongly correlated with the real network, differ less from the real network and are more powerful to detect effects present in the real network. Our method pools data among individuals to estimate a general home range profile for a given set of individuals.Combining these profiles with the individual-level observation data then allows us to better estimate their overlap in space and requires less data. Our new method provides the potential to generate meaningful space-sharing networks, and in doing so, to address a range of key questions in ecology and evolution, even when point-based observations of individuals are sparse.

The Red Neuronal Pigment in the Nervous System of the Mussel, Mytilus Edulis: Localization and Its Effect on Lateral Ciliary Activity with Spectral and Analytical Changes

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 494-495
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Paparo ◽  
Judith A. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cryostat Sections

The purpose of this study was to localize the red neuronal pigment in Mytilus edulis and examine its role in the control of lateral ciliary activity in the gill. The visceral ganglia (Vg) in the central nervous system show an over al red pigmentation. Most red pigments examined in squash preps and cryostat sec tions were localized in the neuronal cell bodies and proximal axon regions. Unstained cryostat sections showed highly localized patches of this pigment scattered throughout the cells in the form of dense granular masses about 5-7 um in diameter, with the individual granules ranging from 0.6-1.3 um in diame ter. Tissue stained with Gomori's method for Fe showed bright blue granular masses of about the same size and structure as previously seen in unstained cryostat sections.Thick section microanalysis (Fig.l) confirmed both the localization and presence of Fe in the nerve cell. These nerve cells of the Vg share with other pigmented photosensitive cells the common cytostructural feature of localization of absorbing molecules in intracellular organelles where they are tightly ordered in fine substructures.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

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