scholarly journals ART duration and immunometabolic state determine efficacy of DC-based treatment restoring functional HIV- specific CD8+ T cells in Chronic PLWH.

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Calvet-Mirabent ◽  
Ildefonso Sanchez-Cerrillo ◽  
Noa Martin-Cofreces ◽  
Hortensia De La Fuente ◽  
Ilya Tsukalov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Functional Restoration ◽  
Functional Improvement ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Memory Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Metabolic States ◽  
Hiv 1

Dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has restricted the efficacy of dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapies against HIV-1. Heterogeneous immune exhaustion and metabolic states of CD8+ T cells might differentially associate with dysfunction. However, specific parameters associated to functional restoration of CD8+ T cells after DC treatment have not been investigated in detail. Here, we studied the association of ART duration with memory subsets, exhaustion and metabolic profiles of CD8+ T cells from PLWH and improvement of polyfunctional and effector HIV-1 specific responses after stimulation with Gag-adjuvant-primed DC. HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses from a larger proportion PLWH on ART for more than 10 years (LT-ARTp) improved polyfunctionality and capacity to eliminate autologous p24+ infected CD4+ T cells in vitro. In contrast, CD8+ T cells from PLWH on ART for less than a decade (ST-ARTp) were less responsive to DC treatment and functional improvement was limited in this group. This was associated with lower frequencies of central memory CD8+ T cells, increased co-expression of PD1 and TIGIT and reduced mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic induction upon TCR activation. In contrast, CD8+ T cells from LT-ARTp showed increased frequencies of TIM3+PD1- cells and preserved induction of glycolysis. Treatment of dysfunctional CD8+ T cells from ST-ARTp with combined anti-PD1 and anti-TIGIT antibodies plus a glycolysis promoting drug restored their ability to eliminate infected CD4+ T cells. Together, our study identifies specific immunometabolic parameters for different PLWH subgroups potentially useful for future personalized DC-based HIV-1 vaccines.

scholarly journals Reliable Estimation of CD8 T Cell Inhibition of In Vitro HIV-1 Replication

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinyan Xu ◽  
Ann Marie Weideman ◽  
Maria Abad-Fernandez ◽  
Katie R. Mollan ◽  
Sallay Kallon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Viral Inhibition ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Virus Inhibition ◽  
Hiv 1

The HIV-1 viral inhibition assay (VIA) measures CD8 T cell-mediated inhibition of HIV replication in CD4 T cells and is increasingly used for clinical testing of HIV vaccines and immunotherapies. The VIA has multiple sources of variability arising from in vitro HIV infection and co-culture of two T cell populations. Here, we describe multiple modifications to a 7-day VIA protocol, the most impactful being the introduction of independent replicate cultures for both HIV infected-CD4 (HIV-CD4) and HIV-CD4:CD8 T cell cultures. Virus inhibition was quantified using a ratio of weighted averages of p24+ cells in replicate cultures and the corresponding 95% confidence interval. An Excel template is provided to facilitate calculations. Virus inhibition was higher in people living with HIV suppressed on antiretroviral therapy (n=14, mean: 40.0%, median: 43.8%, range: 8.2 to 73.3%; p < 0.0001, two-tailed, exact Mann-Whitney test) compared to HIV-seronegative donors (n = 21, mean: -13.7%, median: -14.4%, range: -49.9 to 20.9%) and was stable over time (n = 6, mean %COV 9.4%, range 0.9 to 17.3%). Cross-sectional data were used to define 8% inhibition as the threshold to confidently detect specific CD8 T cell activity and determine the minimum number of culture replicates and p24+ cells needed to have 90% statistical power to detect this threshold. Last, we note that, in HIV seronegative donors, the addition of CD8 T cells to HIV infected CD4 T cells consistently increased HIV replication, though the level of increase varied markedly between donors. This co-culture effect may contribute to the weak correlations observed between CD8 T cell VIA and other measures of HIV-specific CD8 T cell function.

Liposome-encapsulated HIV-1 Gag p24 containing lipid A induces effector CD4+ T-cells, memory CD8+ T-cells, and pro-inflammatory cytokines

Vaccine ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (49) ◽  
pp. 6939-6949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Steers ◽  
Kristina K. Peachman ◽  
Sasha McClain ◽  
Carl R. Alving ◽  
Mangala Rao
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Memory Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Suppression of HIV replication in vitro by CD8+ T-cells from HIV-infected and HIV-seronegative individuals

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 307-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Ichimura ◽  
J M Dwyer ◽  
H Tsuchie ◽  
M A Detorio ◽  
M M Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
New Strategies

The inhibitory effect of CD8+ T-cells from HIV-infected or HIVseronegative individuals on HIV replication in the naturally-infected CD4+ T-cells in vitro was examined. Not only autologous CD8+ T-cells from HIV-infected individuals but also allogeneic CD8+ T-cells from HIV-seronegative individuals prevented or delayed HIV replication, even in transwell cocultures using a semipermeable 0.45 micron filter. The level of the inhibitory effect of allogeneic CD8+ Tcells from the HIV-seronegative individuals on the HIV replication was varied among CD4+ T-cells obtained from HIV-infected individuals used. The results suggested that CD8+ T-cells from HIV-seronegative individuals as well as HIVinfected individuals could produce some cytokine(s) which suppress HIV replication in vitro . The sensitivity to the cytokine(s) might be variable among HIV strains, depending on differences in the nucleotide sequence of different HIV-1 strains. Further studies of control of HIV replication by CD8+ anti-HIV cytokine(s) should provide new strategies for the therapy of HIV infection.

scholarly journals Elimination of SHIV Infected Cells by Combinations of Bispecific HIVxCD3 DART® Molecules

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Tuyishime ◽  
Amir Dashti ◽  
Katelyn Faircloth ◽  
Shalini Jha ◽  
Jeffrey L. Nordstrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

Bispecific HIVxCD3 DART molecules that co-engage the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) on HIV-1-infected cells and the CD3 receptor on CD3+ T cells are designed to mediate the cytolysis of HIV-1-infected, Env-expressing cells. Using a novel ex vivo system with cells from rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with a chimeric Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) CH505 and maintained on ART, we tested the ability of HIVxCD3 DART molecules to mediate elimination of in vitro-reactivated CD4+ T cells in the absence or presence of autologous CD8+ T cells. HIVxCD3 DART molecules with the anti-HIV-1 Env specificities of A32 or 7B2 (non-neutralizing antibodies) or PGT145 (broadly neutralizing antibody) were evaluated individually or combined. DART molecule-mediated antiviral activity increased significantly in the presence of autologous CD8+ T cells. In this ex vivo system, the PGT145 DART molecule was more active than the 7B2 DART molecule, which was more active than the A32 DART molecule. A triple combination of the DART molecules exceeded the activity of the individual PGT145 DART molecule. Modified quantitative virus outgrowth assays confirmed the ability of the DART molecules to redirect RM CD3+ T cells to eliminate SHIV-infected RM CD4+ T cells as demonstrated by the decreased propagation of in vitro infection by the infected cells pre-incubated with DART molecules in presence of effector CD8+ T cells. While mediating cytotoxic activity, DART molecules did not increase proinflammatory cytokine production. In summary, combination of HIVxCD3 DART molecules that have broadly-neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-HIV-1 Env specificities can leverage the host immune system for treatment of HIV-1 infection but will require appropriate reactivation of the latent reservoir.

scholarly journals Induction of selective cell death in HIV-1-infected cells by DDX3 inhibitors leads to depletion of the inducible reservoir

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shringar Rao ◽  
Cynthia Lungu ◽  
Thijs H. Steijaert ◽  
Raquel Crespo ◽  
Robert-Jan Palstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Latent Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACTAn innovative approach to eliminate HIV-1-infected cells emerging out of latency, the major hurdle to HIV-1 cure, is to pharmacologically reactivate viral expression and concomitantly trigger intracellular pro-apoptotic pathways in order to selectively induce cell death (ICD) of infected cells, without reliance on the extracellular immune system. In this work we demonstrate the effect of DEAD-box polypeptide 3, X-Linked (DDX3) inhibitors on selectively inducing cell death in latent HIV-1-infected cell lines, primary CD4+ T cells and in CD4+ T cells from cART-suppressed people living with HIV-1 (PLWHIV). We used single-cell FISH-Flow technology to characterise the contribution of viral RNA to inducing cell death; pharmacological targeting of DDX3 reversed HIV-1 latency and selectively induced apoptosis in viral RNA-expressing CD4+ T cells from PLWHIV but not bystander cells. DDX3 inhibitor treatment of CD4+ T cells from PLWHIV in an in vitro culture model over five days resulted in an approximately 30% reduction of the inducible latent HIV-1 reservoir as determined by quantitation of CA HIV-1 RNA, by TILDA, as well as by FISH-Flow technology. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that while overall gene expression was minimally dysregulated, treatment of independent donor CD4+ T cells with DDX3 inhibitors led to significant downregulation of BIRC5 and HSPB1A, genes critical to cell survival during HIV-1 infection, providing mechanism for the observed selective cell death. Our data support the translation of DDX3 inhibitor class compounds into HIV-1 curative strategies and provide proof of concept for pharmacological reversal of latency coupled to induction of apoptosis towards elimination of the inducible reservoir.

scholarly journals In VitroReactivation of Replication-Competent and Infectious HIV-1 by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 1858-1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riddhima Banga ◽  
Francesco Andrea Procopio ◽  
Matthias Cavassini ◽  
Matthieu Perreau
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Repeated Treatment ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Memory Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACTThe existence of long-lived HIV-1-infected resting memory CD4 T cells is thought to be the primary obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. In the search for novel therapeutic approaches that may reverse HIV-1 latency, inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACis) have been tested to reactivate HIV-1 replication with the objective of rendering HIV-1-infected cells susceptible to elimination either by HIV-specific CD8 T cells or through virus-mediated cytopathicity. In the present study, we evaluated the efficiency of HDACis to reactivate HIV-1 replication from resting memory CD4 T cells isolated from aviremic long-term-treated HIV-1-infected subjects. We demonstrate that following prolonged/repeated treatment of resting memory CD4 T cells with HDACis, HIV-1 replication may be induced from primary resting memory CD4 T cells isolated from aviremic long-term-treated HIV-1-infected subjects. More importantly, we demonstrate that HIV-1 reactivated in the cell cultures was not only replication competent but also infectious. Interestingly, givinostat, an HDACi that has not been investigated in clinical trials, was more efficient than vorinostat, panobinostat, and romidepsin in reversing HIV-1 latencyin vitro. Taken together, these results support further evaluation of givinostat as a latency-reversing agent (LRA) in aviremic long-term-treated HIV-1-infected subjects.IMPORTANCEThe major barrier to HIV cure is the existence of long-lived latently HIV-1-infected resting memory CD4 T cells. Latently HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells are transcriptionally silent and are therefore not targeted by conventional antiretroviral therapy (ART) or the immune system. In this context, one strategy to target latently infected cells is based on pharmacological molecules that may force the virus to replicate and would therefore render HIV-1-infected cells susceptible to elimination either by HIV-specific CD8 T cells or through virus-mediated cytopathicity. In this context, we developed an experimental strategy that would allow the evaluation of latency-reversing agent (LRA) efficiencyin vitrousing primary CD4 T cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that HDACis are potent inducers of replication-competent and infectious HIV-1 in resting memory CD4 T cells of long-term ART-treated patients and identify givinostat as the most efficient LRA tested.

scholarly journals Distinct Profiles of Cytotoxic Granules in Memory CD8 T Cells Correlate with Function, Differentiation Stage, and Antigen Exposure

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 2862-2871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Harari ◽  
Felicitas Bellutti Enders ◽  
Cristina Cellerai ◽  
Pierre-Alexandre Bart ◽  
Giuseppe Pantaleo
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Memory Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Differentiation Stage ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Cytotoxic CD8 T cells exert their antiviral and antitumor activity primarily through the secretion of cytotoxic granules. Degranulation activity and cytotoxic granules (perforin plus granzymes) generally define CD8 T cells with cytotoxic function. In this study, we have investigated the expression of granzyme K (GrmK) in comparison to that of GrmA, GrmB, and perforin. The expression of the cytotoxic granules was assessed in virus-specific CD8 T cells specific to influenza virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), or human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We observed a dichotomy between GrmK and perforin expression in virus-specific CD8 T cells. The profile in influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells was perforin− GrmB− GrmA+/− GrmK+; in CMV-specific cells, it was perforin+ GrmB+ GrmA+ GrmK−/+; and in EBV- and HIV-1-specific cells, it was perforin−/+ GrmB+ GrmA+ GrmK+. On the basis of the delineation of memory and effector CD8 T cells with CD45RA and CD127, the GrmK+ profile was associated with early-stage memory CD8 T-cell differentiation, the perforin+ GrmB+ GrmA+ profile with advanced-stage differentiation, and the GrmB+ GrmA+ Grmk+ profile with intermediate-stage differentiation. Furthermore, perforin and GrmB but not GrmA and GrmK correlated with cytotoxic activity. Finally, changes in antigen exposure in vitro and in vivo during primary HIV-1 infection and vaccination modulated cytotoxic granule profiles. These results advance our understanding of the relationship between distinct profiles of cytotoxic granules in memory CD8 T cells and function, differentiation stage, and antigen exposure.

FcRL6, a new ITIM-bearing receptor on cytolytic cells, is broadly expressed by lymphocytes following HIV-1 infection

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 3786-3793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Wilson ◽  
Rachel M. Presti ◽  
Ilaria Tassi ◽  
Edgar T. Overton ◽  
Marina Cella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Fc Receptor ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Memory Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Fc receptor–like proteins (FcRLs) are a growing family of molecules homologous to FcγRI. Whereas all 7 previously reported Fc receptor homologs are expressed by B cells, here we report a new receptor, FcRL6, that is expressed by cytolytic cells including natural killer (NK) cells and effector and effector-memory CD8+ T cells. FcRL6 contains a novel cytoplasmic cysteine-rich motif and recruits SHP-2 through a phosphorylated ITIM, indicating a potential signaling function in effector lymphocytes. In vitro, FcRL6 does not greatly influence NK-cell or CD8+ T-cell–mediated cytotoxicity and has minimal impact on cytokine secretion. However, FcRL6 expression among T lymphocytes is greatly expanded in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)–infected individuals, and includes not only effector and effector-memory CD8+ T cells but also populations of CD4+ T cells. Expansion of FcRL6-positive lymphocytes is not related to viral load, but is indicative of the dysregulated expansion of terminally differentiated effector lymphocyte populations in response to chronic HIV-1 infection and may serve as an important marker for chronic immune activation and for tracking the generation of effector cells following immune stimulation.

scholarly journals CD73+ CD127high Long-Term Memory CD4 T Cells Are Highly Proliferative in Response to Recall Antigens and Are Early Targets in HIV-1 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 912
Author(s):  
Nabila Seddiki ◽  
John Zaunders ◽  
Chan Phetsouphanh ◽  
Vedran Brezar ◽  
Yin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Memory Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Hiv 1

HIV-1 infection rapidly leads to a loss of the proliferative response of memory CD4+ T lymphocytes, when cultured with recall antigens. We report here that CD73 expression defines a subset of resting memory CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood, which highly express the α-chain of the IL-7 receptor (CD127), but not CD38 or Ki-67, yet are highly proliferative in response to mitogen and recall antigens, and to IL-7, in vitro. These cells also preferentially express CCR5 and produce IL-2. We reasoned that CD73+ memory CD4+ T cells decrease very early in HIV-1 infection. Indeed, CD73+ memory CD4+ T cells comprised a median of 7.5% (interquartile range: 4.5–10.4%) of CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood from healthy adults, but were decreased in primary HIV-1 infection to a median of 3.7% (IQR: 2.6–6.4%; p = 0.002); and in chronic HIV-1 infection to 1.9% (IQR: 1.1–3%; p < 0.0001), and were not restored by antiretroviral therapy. Moreover, we found that a significant proportion of CD73+ memory CD4+ T cells were skewed to a gut-homing phenotype, expressing integrins α4 and β7, CXCR3, CCR6, CD161 and CD26. Accordingly, 20% of CD4+ T cells present in gut biopsies were CD73+. In HIV+ subjects, purified CD73+ resting memory CD4+ T cells in PBMC were infected with HIV-1 DNA, determined by real-time PCR, to the same level as for purified CD73-negative CD4+ T cells, both in untreated and treated subjects. Therefore, the proliferative CD73+ subset of memory CD4+ T cells is disproportionately reduced in HIV-1 infection, but, unexpectedly, their IL-7 dependent long-term resting phenotype suggests that residual infected cells in this subset may contribute significantly to the very long-lived HIV proviral DNA reservoir in treated subjects.

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