scholarly journals Two Ways to Change Your Mind: Effects of Intentional Strength and Motor Costs on Changes of Intention

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Löffler ◽  
Anastasia Sylaidi ◽  
Zafeirios Fountas ◽  
Patrick Haggard
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Dynamic Decision Making ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Internal Action ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
Dot Motion ◽  
Initial Choice

AbstractChanges of Mind are a striking example of the human ability to flexibly reverse decisions after commitment to an initial choice, and to change actions according to circumstances. Previous studies of Changes of Mind largely focused on perceptual choices. Here we investigate reversals of voluntary, endogenous action decisions. In a novel version of the random-dot motion task, participants moved to a target that matched both the perceived dot-motion direction and an internally-generated intention (which colour target to move to). Movement trajectories revealed whether and when participants 1) perceived a change in dot-motion direction, or additionally 2) changed the colour that they chose to move to (‘Change of Intention’). Changes of Intention were less frequent in participants with strong colour intentions, as indicated by high performance costs in trials where perceptual information conflicted with the endogenous intention (Exp. 1). Additionally, Changes of Intention were more frequent when motor costs of intention pursuit were high (Exp. 2). These findings were simulated using an attractor network model that continuously integrates voluntary intentions, sensory evidence, and motor costs. This argues in favour of a unifying framework for dynamic decision-making processes, in which voluntary actions emerge from a dynamic combination of internal action tendencies and external environmental factors.

scholarly journals A Hierarchical Attractor Network Model of perceptual versus intentional decision updates

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Löffler ◽  
Anastasia Sylaidi ◽  
Zafeirios Fountas ◽  
Patrick Haggard
Keyword(s):  
Network Model ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Attractor Network ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Internal Action ◽  
Perceptual Evidence ◽  
Dot Motion ◽  
Action Tendencies ◽  
Random Dot Motion

AbstractChanges of Mind are a striking example of our ability to flexibly reverse decisions and change our own actions. Previous studies largely focused on Changes of Mind in decisions about perceptual information. Here we report reversals of decisions that require integrating multiple classes of information: 1) Perceptual evidence, 2) higher-order, voluntary intentions, and 3) motor costs. In an adapted version of the random-dot motion task, participants moved to a target that matched both the external (exogenous) evidence about dot-motion direction and a preceding internally-generated (endogenous) intention about which colour to paint the dots. Movement trajectories revealed whether and when participants changed their mind about the dot-motion direction, or additionally changed their mind about which colour to choose. Our results show that decision reversals about colour intentions are less frequent in participants with stronger intentions (Exp. 1) and when motor costs of intention pursuit are lower (Exp. 2). We further show that these findings can be explained by a hierarchical, multimodal Attractor Network Model that continuously integrates higher-order voluntary intentions with perceptual evidence and motor costs. Our model thus provides a unifying framework in which voluntary actions emerge from a dynamic combination of internal action tendencies and external environmental factors, each of which can be subject to Change of Mind.

scholarly journals Preserved capacity for learning statistical regularities and directing selective attention after hippocampal lesions

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (39) ◽  
pp. 19705-19710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuttida Rungratsameetaweemana ◽  
Larry R. Squire ◽  
John T. Serences
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Hippocampal Lesions ◽  
Perceptual Performance ◽  
Statistical Regularities ◽  
Probabilistic Structure ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
Task Conditions

Prior knowledge about the probabilistic structure of visual environments is necessary to resolve ambiguous information about objects in the world. Expectations based on stimulus regularities exert a powerful influence on human perception and decision making by improving the efficiency of information processing. Another type of prior knowledge, termed top-down attention, can also improve perceptual performance by facilitating the selective processing of relevant over irrelevant information. While much is known about attention, the mechanisms that support expectations about statistical regularities are not well-understood. The hippocampus has been implicated as a key structure involved in or perhaps necessary for the learning of statistical regularities, consistent with its role in various kinds of learning and memory. Here, we tested this hypothesis using a motion discrimination task in which we manipulated the most likely direction of motion, the degree of attention afforded to the relevant stimulus, and the amount of available sensory evidence. We tested memory-impaired patients with bilateral damage to the hippocampus and compared their performance with controls. Despite a modest slowing in response initiation across all task conditions, patients performed similar to controls. Like controls, patients exhibited a tendency to respond faster and more accurately when the motion direction was more probable, the stimulus was better attended, and more sensory evidence was available. Together, these findings demonstrate a robust, hippocampus-independent capacity for learning statistical regularities in the sensory environment in order to improve information processing.

Star Cruiser: A Laboratory Task for Investigating Dynamic Decision Making

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (14) ◽  
pp. 1046-1046
Author(s):  
Kellie S. Keifer ◽  
Jennifer S. Lanham ◽  
Alex Kirlik ◽  
R. Jay Shively
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Dynamic Decision Making ◽  
Georgia Tech ◽  
Decision Heuristics ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Laboratory Task

Star Cruiser is a complex laboratory task that was designed to study decision making processes. It is intended to provide a rich perceptual environment in which to study the perceptual decision heuristics utilized by operators in similar tasks (Shively & Kirlik, 1991, Kirlik, Markert & Shively, 1990). In addition, a great deal of flexibility is offered by its script-style control. Researchers interested in such areas as workload, situational awareness, and skill development may also find it useful. It is presently being utilized in laboratories at NASA-Ames and Georgia Tech, where it was jointly developed, but the software is now available for distribution to other interested laboratories.

Rats and Humans Can Optimally Accumulate Evidence for Decision-Making

Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 340 (6128) ◽  
pp. 95-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingni W. Brunton ◽  
Matthew M. Botvinick ◽  
Carlos D. Brody
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Powerful Method ◽  
Fundamental Component ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
Pulse Timing ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
Internal Properties

The gradual and noisy accumulation of evidence is a fundamental component of decision-making, with noise playing a key role as the source of variability and errors. However, the origins of this noise have never been determined. We developed decision-making tasks in which sensory evidence is delivered in randomly timed pulses, and analyzed the resulting data with models that use the richly detailed information of each trial’s pulse timing to distinguish between different decision-making mechanisms. This analysis allowed measurement of the magnitude of noise in the accumulator’s memory, separately from noise associated with incoming sensory evidence. In our tasks, the accumulator’s memory was noiseless, for both rats and humans. In contrast, the addition of new sensory evidence was the primary source of variability. We suggest our task and modeling approach as a powerful method for revealing internal properties of decision-making processes.

scholarly journals Visual motion and decision-making in dyslexia: Evidence of reduced accumulation of sensory evidence and related neural dynamics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Manning ◽  
Cameron D Hassall ◽  
Laurence T Hunt ◽  
Anthony M Norcia ◽  
Eric-Jan Wagenmakers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Global Motion ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Visual Motion Processing ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Sensory Evidence

Children with and without dyslexia differ in their behavioural responses to visual information, particularly when required to pool dynamic signals over space and time. Importantly, multiple processes contribute to behavioural responses. Here we investigated which processing stages are affected in children with dyslexia when performing visual motion processing tasks, by combining two methods that are sensitive to the dynamic processes leading to responses. We used a diffusion model which decomposes response time and accuracy into distinct cognitive constructs, and high-density EEG. 50 children with dyslexia and 50 typically developing children aged 6 to 14 years judged the direction of motion as quickly and accurately as possible in two global motion tasks, which varied in their requirements for segregating signal-from-noise. Following our pre-registered analyses, we fitted hierarchical Bayesian diffusion models to the data, blinded to group membership. Unblinding revealed reduced evidence accumulation in children with dyslexia compared to typical children for both tasks. We also identified a response-locked EEG component which was maximal over centro-parietal electrodes which indicated a neural correlate of reduced drift-rate in dyslexia, thereby linking brain and behaviour. We suggest that children with dyslexia are slower to extract sensory evidence from global motion displays, regardless of whether they are required to segregate signal-from-noise, thus furthering our understanding of atypical perceptual decision-making processes in dyslexia.

scholarly journals Complexity Study of the Credit Risk of a Business Group

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Jing Gu ◽  
Zongfang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Credit Risk ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Business Group ◽  
Dynamic Decision Making ◽  
Iterative Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Simulation Results

A business group is a complex system; thus it is much more difficult to predict its credit risk than that of an individual company. This study proposes an iterative model, which describes the internal interactions and dynamic credit risk of a business group. The proposed model was analyzed from a complex dynamics perspective. The simulation results based on this model show that chaos will emerge in the credit risk of a business group due to the dynamic decision-making processes of its subsidiaries, even if the interactions in the business group are fairly simple. The results of this study might explain some economic phenomena, and they also provide insights into the credit risk of a business group.

Decision making by urgency gating: theory and experimental support

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 2912-2930 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Thura ◽  
Julie Beauregard-Racine ◽  
Charles-William Fradet ◽  
Paul Cisek
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Accuracy Criterion ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
Dot Motion ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Random Dot Motion

It is often suggested that decisions are made when accumulated sensory information reaches a fixed accuracy criterion. This is supported by many studies showing a gradual build up of neural activity to a threshold. However, the proposal that this build up is caused by sensory accumulation is challenged by findings that decisions are based on information from a time window much shorter than the build-up process. Here, we propose that in natural conditions where the environment can suddenly change, the policy that maximizes reward rate is to estimate evidence by accumulating only novel information and then compare the result to a decreasing accuracy criterion. We suggest that the brain approximates this policy by multiplying an estimate of sensory evidence with a motor-related urgency signal and that the latter is primarily responsible for neural activity build up. We support this hypothesis using human behavioral data from a modified random-dot motion task in which motion coherence changes during each trial.

Integrating Human Talent

2018 ◽  
pp. 133-149
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Work Teams ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Innovation Strategy ◽  
Leadership Coaching ◽  
Corporate Innovation ◽  
Decision Making Processes

This chapter deals with the integration of high-performance work teams aligned to the structure defined by the leading team based on the inclusion of the staff. For this it is necessary to consider and implement concepts of leadership, collaborative work, and corporate decision-making processes, selection, and evaluation of personnel; but, above all, it is necessary to develop and implement appropriately concepts such as coaching and empowerment. The key to the success of the agile corporate innovation strategy lies precisely in this pillar, the empowerment of human talent. The literature regarding the topics of leadership, coaching, mindfulness, and empowerment is coarse and powerful; these are the central themes to support the launch of agile corporate innovation initiatives. This chapter explores the integration of human talent.

scholarly journals Concurrent fMRI demonstrates propagation of TMS effects across task-related networks

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lifu Deng ◽  
Olga Lucia Gamboa ◽  
Moritz Dannhauer ◽  
Anshu Jonnalagadda ◽  
Rena Hamdan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Nonlinear Effects ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Resting Motor Threshold ◽  
Dot Motion ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Brain Functional Connectivity ◽  
Visual Network

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become an important technique in both scientific and clinical practices, and yet our understanding of how the brain responds to TMS is still limited. Concurrent neuroimaging during TMS may bridge this gap, and emerging evidence suggests widespread that modulatory effects of TMS may be best captured through changes in functional connectivity between distributed networks, rather than local changes in cortical activity. However, the relationship between TMS stimulation parameters and evoked changes in functional connectivity is unknown. In this study, 24 healthy volunteers received concurrent TMS-fMRI while performing a dot-motion direction discrimination task. An MR-compatible coil was used to apply trains of three pulses at 10 Hz rTMS over the primary visual cortex (V1) at the onset of the dot stimuli with four levels of stimulation intensity (20%, 40%, 80%, and 120% of resting motor threshold, RMT). Behavioral results demonstrated impairment of motion discrimination at 80% RMT. FMRI results yielded three findings. First, functional connectivity between visual and non-visual areas increased as a function of rTMS intensity. Second, connectivity within the visual network was positively associated with motion accuracy, while the connectivity between visual and non-visual regions was negatively associated with motion accuracy. Lastly, we found that reductions in the similarity between functional and structural connectivity associated with increasing TMS intensity were constrained to the visual network. These findings demonstrate spatially dependent nonlinear effects of TMS intensity on brain functional connectivity that proceed beyond the site of stimulation and influence associated behavior.

scholarly journals Detaching from influence in decision-making: objective and subjective freedom of choice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwydion Williams ◽  
Patrick Haggard ◽  
Lucie Charles
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Dot Motion ◽  
Trial Participants ◽  
Random Dot Motion

How much can people resist influence in choice? In this study, we explored participants’ abilities to voluntarily detach from irrelevant information to make free choices. Participants saw random-dot-motion stimuli and a colour-cue indicating whether their response should be congruent or incongruent with the direction of dot-motion. Importantly, in a third condition, the colour-cue instructed participants to detach from dot-motion direction and to freely choose how to respond. After each trial, participants rated how much they felt their decision was influenced by the stimulus. Our results showed that participants conflated opposition and independence: responses incongruent with the stimulus were systematically associated with a greater sense of freedom and detachment, whether these responses were instructed or made freely. Further, this effect seemed stronger in participants who tended to oppose the stimulus more frequently. Taken together, these results suggest that feelings of freedom rely on opposing suggestion and breaking from our habits.

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