scholarly journals Cell Walls of Developing Wheat Starchy Endosperm: Comparison of Composition and RNA-Seq Transcriptome

2011 ◽  
Vol 158 (2) ◽  
pp. 612-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Till K. Pellny ◽  
Alison Lovegrove ◽  
Jackie Freeman ◽  
Paola Tosi ◽  
Christopher G. Love ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Starchy Endosperm

scholarly journals Pentose sugars inhibit metabolism and increase expression of an AgrD-type cyclic pentapeptide in Clostridium thermocellum

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobin J. Verbeke ◽  
Richard J. Giannone ◽  
Dawn M. Klingeman ◽  
Nancy L. Engle ◽  
Thomas Rydzak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Clostridium Thermocellum ◽  
Cyclic Peptide ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Pentose Transport ◽  
Pentose Sugars ◽  
Medium Supplementation

Abstract Clostridium thermocellum could potentially be used as a microbial biocatalyst to produce renewable fuels directly from lignocellulosic biomass due to its ability to rapidly solubilize plant cell walls. While the organism readily ferments sugars derived from cellulose, pentose sugars from xylan are not metabolized. Here, we show that non-fermentable pentoses inhibit growth and end-product formation during fermentation of cellulose-derived sugars. Metabolomic experiments confirmed that xylose is transported intracellularly and reduced to the dead-end metabolite xylitol. Comparative RNA-seq analysis of xylose-inhibited cultures revealed several up-regulated genes potentially involved in pentose transport and metabolism, which were targeted for disruption. Deletion of the ATP-dependent transporter, CbpD partially alleviated xylose inhibition. A putative xylitol dehydrogenase, encoded by Clo1313_0076, was also deleted resulting in decreased total xylitol production and yield by 41% and 46%, respectively. Finally, xylose-induced inhibition corresponds with the up-regulation and biogenesis of a cyclical AgrD-type, pentapeptide. Medium supplementation with the mature cyclical pentapeptide also inhibits bacterial growth. Together, these findings provide new foundational insights needed for engineering improved pentose utilizing strains of C. thermocellum and reveal the first functional Agr-type cyclic peptide to be produced by a thermophilic member of the Firmicutes.

scholarly journals Localizing gene regulation reveals a staggered wood decay mechanism for the brown rot fungusPostia placenta

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (39) ◽  
pp. 10968-10973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiwei Zhang ◽  
Gerald N. Presley ◽  
Kenneth E. Hammel ◽  
Jae-San Ryu ◽  
Jon R. Menke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolases ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Whole Transcriptome

Wood-degrading brown rot fungi are essential recyclers of plant biomass in forest ecosystems. Their efficient cellulolytic systems, which have potential biotechnological applications, apparently depend on a combination of two mechanisms: lignocellulose oxidation (LOX) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and polysaccharide hydrolysis by a limited set of glycoside hydrolases (GHs). Given that ROS are strongly oxidizing and nonselective, these two steps are likely segregated. A common hypothesis has been that brown rot fungi use a concentration gradient of chelated metal ions to confine ROS generation inside wood cell walls before enzymes can infiltrate. We examined an alternative: that LOX components involved in ROS production are differentially expressed by brown rot fungi ahead of GH components. We used spatial mapping to resolve a temporal sequence inPostia placenta, sectioning thin wood wafers colonized directionally. Among sections, we measured gene expression by whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq) and assayed relevant enzyme activities. We found a marked pattern of LOX up-regulation in a narrow (5-mm, 48-h) zone at the hyphal front, which included many genes likely involved in ROS generation. Up-regulation of GH5 endoglucanases and many other GHs clearly occurred later, behind the hyphal front, with the notable exceptions of two likely expansins and a GH28 pectinase. Our results support a staggered mechanism for brown rot that is controlled by differential expression rather than microenvironmental gradients. This mechanism likely results in an oxidative pretreatment of lignocellulose, possibly facilitated by expansin- and pectinase-assisted cell wall swelling, before cellulases and hemicellulases are deployed for polysaccharide depolymerization.

Isolation and Ultrastructure of Aleurone Cell Walls From Wheat and Barley

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Bacic ◽  
BA Stone
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Starchy Endosperm ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Air Classification ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Bilayered Structure

Aleurone layers and cell walls from both wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Insignia) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Clipper) have been isoIated by differential centrifugation in benzene-carbon tetrachloride mixtures and by air classification. The isolated walls were obtained in sufficient quantities and purity for comprehensive chemical analysis. Morphological characteristics of the isolated aleurone layers and walls were examined by bright field, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy and compared with their appearance in whole grains. Transmission electron microscopy of wall sections clearly showed their characteristic bilayered structure. Aniline blue-positive deposits were observed at the aleurone-starchy endosperm interfaces of both wheat and barley.

scholarly journals RNA-Seq analysis of laser-capture microdissected cells of the developing central starchy endosperm of maize

Genomics Data ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 242-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhiraj Thakare ◽  
Ruolin Yang ◽  
Joshua G. Steffen ◽  
Junpeng Zhan ◽  
Dongfang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Seq ◽  
Starchy Endosperm ◽  
Laser Capture ◽  
Laser Capture Microdissected

Cellulosic fibres of flax recruit both primary and secondary cell wall cellulose synthases during deposition of thick tertiary cell walls and in the course of graviresponse

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Mokshina ◽  
Oleg Gorshkov ◽  
Nadezda Ibragimova ◽  
Tatyana Chernova ◽  
Tatyana Gorshkova
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Specific Mechanism ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Cellulose Synthases ◽  
Cellulosic Fibres ◽  
Coexpression Networks ◽  
Cesa Genes

Cellulose synthesising complex consists of cellulose synthase (CESA) subunits encoded by a multigene family; different sets of CESA genes are known to be expressed during primary and secondary cell wall formation. We examined the expression of LusCESAs in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cellulosic fibres at various stages of development and in the course of graviresponse by means of RNA-Seq and quantitative PCR. Transcripts for both primary and secondary cell wall-related CESAs were abundant in fibres depositing highly cellulosic tertiary cell walls. Gravistimulation of flax plants temporally increased the abundance of CESA transcripts, specifically in phloem fibres located at the pulling stem side. Construction of coexpression networks for LusCESAs revealed that both primary and secondary cell wall-related CESAs were involved in the joint coexpression group in fibres depositing tertiary cell walls, as distinct from other tissues, where these genes were within separate groups. The obtained data suggest that fibres depositing tertiary cell walls have a specific mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis and a specific way of its regulation.

scholarly journals Isolation and Purification of Cell Walls in the Starchy Endosperm of Rice Kernels, and the Aggregation of Sake Yeasts with the Cell Walls

1973 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 763-769
Author(s):  
Nobuo SUGANO ◽  
Hiroichi AKIYAMA ◽  
Kikuo NOSHIRO
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Starchy Endosperm ◽  
Isolation And Purification

Degradation of Starchy Endosperm Cell Walls in Nongerminating Sterilized Barley by Fungi

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 975-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Noots ◽  
Veerle Derycke ◽  
Kris Cornelis ◽  
Chris Michiels ◽  
Jan A. Delcour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Endosperm Cell ◽  
Starchy Endosperm

Release of β-Glucan from Cell Walls of Starchy Endosperm of Barley

2001 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Kanauchi ◽  
Charles W. Bamforth
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Starchy Endosperm

Milling of Canadian oats and barley for functional food ingredients: Oat bran and barley fibre-rich fractions

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta S. Izydorczyk ◽  
Tricia McMillan ◽  
Sharon Bazin ◽  
Jerry Kletke ◽  
Len Dushnicky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Food ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Starchy Endosperm ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Oat Bran ◽  
Lower Porosity ◽  
Roller Milling

Izydorczyk, M. S., McMillan, T., Bazin, S., Kletke, J., Dushnicky, L., Dexter, J., Chepurna, A. and Rossnagel, B. 2014. Milling of Canadian oats and barley for functional food ingredients: Oat bran and barley fibre-rich fractions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 573–586. Oats and barley are recognized for their valuable fibre constituents having protective and therapeutic effects against the development of diet-related disorders. Mixed linkage (1–3), (1–4)-β-D-glucans, the major dietary fibre constituents in oats and barley, have been linked to blood cholesterol lowering properties of these grains. The objective of this study was to compare oat bran and barley fibre-rich fractions (FRF) as two products with elevated levels of β-glucans and obtained by similar roller milling processes. The content of β-glucan in oat brans prepared from three different cultivars (AC Morgan, HiFi, and CDC ProFi) ranged from 7.90 to 9.50%, whereas the content of β-glucans in FRF prepared from three barley cultivars (CDC McGwire, CDC Fibar, and CDC Hilose) ranged from 9.31 to 18.19% (dwb). The yields of oat brans ranged from 44 to 49% and the yields of barley FRF from 39–49%. Both preparations contained higher amounts of arabinoxylans, proteins, and ash compared with the original grains. The oat brans were made up mainly of fragments containing the outer grain layers with a substantial portion of the subaleurone starchy endosperm attached to them, whereas the barley FRF consisted primarily of fragments containing the endosperm cell walls, with a smaller proportion of the outer grain tissues. The barley FRF contained smaller particles with broader distribution of particle size than the oat brans. The oat bran particles had higher bulk density and lower porosity than the barley FRF. Both preparations showed pronounced viscosity-building properties when dispersed in water at 45°C, but exhibited different viscosity profiles and differences in the attainable viscosity values.

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