BS 7910: History and Future Developments

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Hadley
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Weld Strength ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Metallic Structures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fracture Assessment ◽  
Offshore Industry ◽  
Crack Tip Constraint ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Assessment Procedures

BS 7910, the UK procedure for the assessment of flaws in metallic structures, was first published almost 30 years ago in the form of a fracture/fatigue assessment procedure, PD6493. It provided the basis for analysing fabrication flaws and the need for repair in a rational fashion, rather than relying on long-established (and essentially arbitrary) workmanship rules. The UK offshore industry in particular embraced this new approach to flaw assessment, which is now widely recognised by safety authorities and specifically referred to in certain design codes, including codes for pressure equipment. Since its first publication in 1980, PD6493/BS 7910 has been regularly maintained and expanded, taking in elements of other publications such as the UK power industry’s fracture assessment procedure R6 (in particular the Failure Assessment Diagram approach), the creep assessment procedure PD6539 and the gas transmission industry’s approach to assessment of locally thinned areas in pipelines. The FITNET European thematic network, run between 2002 and 2006, has further advanced the state of the art, bringing in assessment methods from SINTAP (an earlier European research project), R6, R5 and elsewhere. In particular, the FITNET fracture assessment methods represent considerable advances over the current BS 7910 methods; for example, weld strength mismatch can be explicitly analysed by using FITNET Option 2, and crack tip constraint through Option 5. Corrosion assessment methods in FITNET are also more versatile than those of BS 7910, and now include methods for vessels and elbows as well as for pipelines. In view of these recent advances, the BS 7910 committee has decided to incorporate many elements of the FITNET procedure into the next edition of BS 7910, to be published c2012. This paper summarises the history of the development of BS 7910, its relationship with other flaw assessment procedures (in particular FITNET and R6) and its future.

The Future of the BS 7910 Flaw Assessment Procedures

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Hadley ◽  
Bob Ainsworth ◽  
Peter Budden ◽  
John Sharples
Keyword(s):  
Weld Strength ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Metallic Structures ◽  
Damage And Failure ◽  
Reference Stress ◽  
Fracture Assessment ◽  
Crack Tip Constraint ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
Industry Sectors

BS 7910, the UK procedure for the assessment of flaws in metallic structures, was first published some 30 years ago in the form of a fracture/fatigue assessment procedure, PD6493. Since then it has been regularly maintained and expanded, taking in elements of other publications such as the UK power industry’s ‘R6’ procedure (in particular the Failure Assessment Diagram or FAD approach), the creep assessment procedure PD6539 and the UK gas transmission industry’s approach to corrosion assessment of locally thinned areas in pipelines. Work is currently underway to prepare another major revision, this time incorporating many elements of the European flaw assessment procedure FITNET. Like its predecessor, the new BS 7910 is intended for use by a range of industry sectors for virtually any type of metallic structure or component. The procedures will cover damage and failure by fatigue crack growth, fracture, creep and corrosion, including Environmentally Assisted Corrosion. The objective in revising the procedures is to support the use of more advanced assessment methods, whilst preserving compatibility with previous editions of BS 7910 and retaining methods for preliminary analyses based on simple, conservative inputs. Features of the new BS 7910 will include adoption of new advanced fracture assessment procedures (taking account of crack tip constraint and weld strength mismatch where appropriate), revision of the residual stress annex, preparation of a new annex covering guidance on NDE, an enhanced library of K-solutions and reference stress solutions and greater compatibility with procedures such as R6 and FITNET.

Progress Towards the Revision of BS 7910

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Hadley
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Weld Strength ◽  
Metallic Structures ◽  
Fracture Assessment ◽  
Crack Tip Constraint ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
Industry Sectors ◽  
First Time ◽  
Non Destructive

BS 7910, the UK procedure for the assessment of flaws in metallic structures, is being revised with a view to publication in 2012. Like the existing procedure, the new procedure will address all major failure/damage mechanisms, namely fracture, fatigue, creep and corrosion, and is intended to be used across a range of industry sectors and component types. There are several major proposed changes, which draw mainly on the existing BS 7910 procedures, the UK nuclear industry’s R6 document and the European FITNET procedure. The most far-reaching changes are in Section 7 (fracture) and related annexes. Here, the modifications include: • a re-structuring of the fracture assessment procedures from their present form (Levels 1–3) to a new hierarchy based on Options 1–3, which are more compatible with the current R6 and FITNET approaches, • revised treatment of flaw interaction, • a new annex (Annex N) permitting analysis under conditions of reduced crack tip constraint, • a new annex (I) addressing analysis of weld strength mismatch, • a revised residual stress compendium (Annex Q). As part of the revision, all annexes will be reviewed and edited where necessary, and a new annex on non-destructive examination (NDE) will be included for the first time. In view of the fact that many of the major changes concern the fracture assessment clauses, this paper presents a case study based on the analysis of a fully-circumferential flaw in a pipeline girth weld. The basic assessment Options (1 and 2) given in the new procedure are used to analyse the flaw, and three more advanced techniques (constraint-based assessment, assessment using an idealised residual stress distribution and analysis based on weld strength mismatch) are also applied.

Optimising Fracture Assessment of Welded Structures Using BS 7910, R6 and FEA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Hadley ◽  
Tyler London
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Welding Residual Stress ◽  
Weld Strength ◽  
Materials Testing ◽  
Welded Structures ◽  
Analytical Formulae ◽  
Fracture Assessment ◽  
Crack Tip Constraint ◽  
Assessment Procedures

Abstract The fracture clauses of BS 7910 and R6 present a hierarchy of assessment methods. Depending on the data available, the user may adopt the simplest approach (Option 1), or the higher Options (2 & 3), allowing increasing accuracy and decreasing conservatism. Additional assessment procedures are available via the Annexes of BS 7910 and via Chapter III of R6, which address the inclusion of welding residual stress, crack tip constraint, weld strength mismatch and warm prestress. This paper illustrates the application of both basic and advanced fracture assessment procedures to a set of welded wide plate test data. The tests featured extensive materials testing, along with detailed characterisation of welding residual stress both in the as-welded condition and after a warm prestress treatment. The study shows how the accuracy of the assessment increases as the more advanced assessment methods are employed. A tailored assessment of the uniaxial tests using elastic-plastic FEA was also carried out, allowing a comparison between the analytical formulae given in BS 7910/R6, numerical analysis and experimental results.

Validation of the European FITNET Fitness-for-Service Fracture Assessment Procedure

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Hadley ◽  
Liwu Wei
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Crack Tip ◽  
Direct Calculation ◽  
Weld Strength ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Fracture Assessment ◽  
Fracture Tests ◽  
The Many ◽  
Crack Tip Constraint ◽  
Assessment Procedures

The new European fitness-for-service procedure FITNET includes a hierarchy of different approaches for fracture assessment, designated Option 0 to Option 5. The choice of Option depends on the information available to the user, and can include direct calculation of crack driving force by FEA, allowance for weld strength mismatch and allowance for crack-tip constraint. The fracture assessment procedures have been extensively validated by analysing the results of large-scale fracture tests and engineering failures in accordance with the procedure, and comparing actual with predicted behaviour. This paper presents a selection of the many hundreds of analyses carried out, with particular emphasis on the more advanced Options incorporating weld strength mismatch and crack-tip constraint. Failure of the testpieces was correctly predicted by the FITNET procedure in all cases (ie, the analysis point corresponding to failure of the specimen lay outside the failure analysis line of the FAD). The safety factor associated with the analysis is, however, shown to decrease as the more advanced Options are invoked, ie the analysis becomes more accurate and less conservative, as intended.

Fracture Assessment of Flaws in Weldments using FITNET FFS Procedure: An Overview

2007 ◽  
Vol 345-346 ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Koçak ◽  
Stephen Webster ◽  
Isabel Hadley
Keyword(s):  
European Community ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Metallic Structures ◽  
Fracture Assessment ◽  
Basic Equations ◽  
Network Project

Recently a European community funded thematic network project (participation of 17 countries) FITNET (www.eurofitnet.org) has completed a new and unified engineering assessment procedure (FITNET FFS Procedure) of flaws in metallic structures and welds. This newly developed procedure (under CEN Workshop Agreement WA22) provides assessment rules for flaws or damage due to fracture, fatigue, creep and corrosion to demonstrate the structural integrity of the component. This paper gives an overview of the FITNET Fitness-for-Service (FFS) Procedure and specifically presents the features and basic equations of the Fracture Module. It also presents two brief examples for the validation of the procedure using laser welded specimens.

A Comparison of Fracture Assessment Methods in Several Structural Integrity Assessment Procedures

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiecheng Yang ◽  
Xuedong Chen ◽  
Zhichao Fan
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Limit Load ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Safety Factors ◽  
Specific Calculation ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Fracture Assessment ◽  
Partial Safety Factors ◽  
Assessment Procedures

For the fracture assessment method internationally used in different structural integrity assessment procedures, such as R6, BS 7910, FITNET API 579 and GB/T 19624, this paper gives the results of analytical comparisons in combination with specific calculation examples by comparing different assessment options or levels, the partial safety factors (PSFs), limit load solutions, stress intensity factor solutions, residual stress distribution and treatment methods, secondary stresses and ρ factor solutions etc., which provide a basis for improvement of fracture assessment methods.

The Film World’s Cooperative Store: Institutions and Films of the 1930s and 1940s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Context ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter traces the early history of state-sponsored informational filmmaking in Denmark, emphasising its organisation as a ‘cooperative’ of organisations and government agencies. After an account of the establishment and early development of the agency Dansk Kulturfilm in the 1930s, the chapter considers two of its earliest productions, both process films documenting the manufacture of bricks and meat products. The broader context of documentary in Denmark is fleshed out with an account of the production and reception of Poul Henningsen’s seminal film Danmark (1935), and the international context is accounted for with an overview of the development of state-supported filmmaking in the UK, Italy and Germany. Developments in the funding and output of Dansk Kulturfilm up to World War II are outlined, followed by an account of the impact of the German Occupation of Denmark on domestic informational film. The establishment of the Danish Government Film Committee or Ministeriernes Filmudvalg kick-started aprofessionalisation of state-sponsored filmmaking, and two wartime public information films are briefly analysed as examples of its early output. The chapter concludes with an account of the relations between the Danish Resistance and an emerging generation of documentarists.

Volunteering in hospice and palliative care in the United Kingdom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ros Scott
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Care Services ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Strategic Direction ◽  
Palliative Care Services ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Hospice And Palliative Care ◽  
Changing Role

This chapter explores the history of volunteers in the founding and development of United Kingdom (UK) hospice services. It considers the changing role and influences of volunteering on services at different stages of development. Evidence suggests that voluntary sector hospice and palliative care services are dependent on volunteers for the range and quality of services delivered. Within such services, volunteer trustees carry significant responsibility for the strategic direction of the organiszation. Others are engaged in diverse roles ranging from the direct support of patient and families to public education and fundraising. The scope of these different roles is explored before considering the range of management models and approaches to training. This chapter also considers the direct and indirect impact on volunteering of changing palliative care, societal, political, and legislative contexts. It concludes by exploring how and why the sector is changing in the UK and considering the growing autonomy of volunteers within the sector.

scholarly journals Gambling problems in bipolar disorder in the UK: Prevalence and distribution

2015 ◽  
Vol 207 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Jones ◽  
Alice Metcalf ◽  
Katherine Gordon-Smith ◽  
Liz Forty ◽  
Amy Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Gambling Problems ◽  
Rapid Cycling ◽  
Probable Significance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gambling Severity ◽  
The Uk

BackgroundNorth American studies show bipolar disorder is associated with elevated rates of problem gambling; however, little is known about rates in the different presentations of bipolar illness.AimsTo determine the prevalence and distribution of problem gambling in people with bipolar disorder in the UK.MethodThe Problem Gambling Severity Index was used to measure gambling problems in 635 participants with bipolar disorder.ResultsModerate to severe gambling problems were four times higher in people with bipolar disorder than in the general population, and were associated with type 2 disorder (OR = 1.74, P = 0.036), history of suicidal ideation or attempt (OR = 3.44, P = 0.02) and rapid cycling (OR = 2.63, P = 0.008).ConclusionsApproximately 1 in 10 patients with bipolar disorder may be at moderate to severe risk of problem gambling, possibly associated with suicidal behaviour and a rapid cycling course. Elevated rates of gambling problems in type 2 disorder highlight the probable significance of modest but unstable mood disturbance in the development and maintenance of such problems.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in a Cohort of Patients with Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Setareh Alabaf ◽  
Karen O'Connell ◽  
Sithara Ramdas ◽  
David Beeson ◽  
Jacqueline Palace
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Neuromuscular Transmission ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome ◽  
Referral Centre ◽  
History Of ◽  
Myasthenic Syndrome ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Rare Group

Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome (CMS) are a rare group of genetic disorders of neuromuscular transmission. Some subtypes of CMS can be associated with respiratory and bulbar weakness and these patients may therefore be at high risk of developing a severe disease from COVID-19. We screened 73 patients with genetically confirmed CMS who were attending the UK national referral centre for evidence of previous Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 infection and their clinical outcome. Of 73 patients, seven had history of confirmed COVID-19. None of the infected patients developed a severe disease, and there were no signals that CMS alone carries a high risk of severe disease from COVID-19.

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