Measuring State Anxiety in the Context of Acute Exercise Using the State Anxiety Inventory: An Attempt to Resolve the Brouhaha

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panteleimon Ekkekakis ◽  
Eric E. Hall ◽  
Steven J. Petruzzello
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
The State ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Vigorous Exercise ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Anxiety Subscale

Two studies were conducted to examine the internal consistency and validity of the state anxiety subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (SAI) in the context of acute exercise. SAI responses typically found in the exercise literature were replicated. Analysis at the item level revealed divergent response patterns, confounding the total SAI score. During moderate and immediately after vigorous exercise, scores on items referring to cognitive antecedents of anxiety decreased, whereas scores on items assessing perceived activation increased. Indices of internal showed exercise-associated decreases. A principal-components analysis of responses immediately postexercise revealed a multidimensional structure, distinguishing “cognitive” and “activation” items. By failing to discern exercise-induced and anxiety-related increases in activation from anxiety-antecedent appraisals, the SAI exhibits compromised internal consistency and validity in the context of acute exercise.

Higher Trait- and State-Anxiety in Female Law Students than Male Law Students

1991 ◽  
Vol 68 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1075-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roseanna McCleary ◽  
Evan L. Zucker
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
The State ◽  
Law Students ◽  
Rating Task ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Copying Task ◽  
Trait And State Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Subscale

To assess sex differences in anxiety, law students completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory prior to rating one-panel printed comics for humor level or copying text. Subjects completed the State-Anxiety subscale following the task. Although the humor-rating task was not more effective in reducing state anxiety than the copying task, scores on the anxiety subscales indicated that women law students scored consistently and significantly higher than men on both pretask measures and on the posttask measure. This finding is consistent with results from other studies in which other instruments were given. Analyses showed elevated anxiety and stress among preprofessional women; this supports the need for stress-management programs for law students.

State Anxiety Responses to Acute Exercise in Women with High Social Physique Anxiety

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Focht ◽  
Heather A. Hausenblas
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Anxiolytic Effect ◽  
Time Factors ◽  
Social Physique Anxiety ◽  
Exercise Condition ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Naturalistic Environment ◽  
Level Analysis

This study examined the state anxiety (SA) and perceived arousal (AS) responses to self-selected or imposed-intensity bouts of acute exercise performed in different environments by 30 women with high social physique anxiety (SPA). Participants were randomly assigned to a self-selected or imposed-intensity choice group and subsequently (a) exercised in a naturalistic environment, (b) exercised in a laboratory environment, and (c) rested quietly. Assessments of SA and AS were obtained before, during, and following each condition and data were analyzed via separate 2 × 3 × 6 (Intensity Choice × Condition × Time) ANOVAs with repeated measures on the Condition and Time factors. Results revealed that AS increased during both exercise conditions. Conversely, SA was elevated only during the naturalistic exercise condition, and item-level analysis revealed that this increase was composed of both activation and apprehension/worry inventory items. Although SA was reduced 5 min following both exercise conditions, the anxiolytic effect only persisted following the laboratory condition. No significant differences in SA or AS were observed between the two groups. It is concluded that environmentally-induced perceived evaluative threat is associated with an increase in SA during exercise and may attenuate postexercise anxiolysis in women with high SPA.

Psychometric Confounds of Assessing State Anxiety in Conjunction with Acute Bouts of Vigorous Exercise

1991 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Jack Rejeski ◽  
Charles J. Hardy ◽  
Janet Shaw
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Symptom Reporting ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Vigorous Exercise ◽  
Adjective Check List ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Male Subjects

This investigation examined the possible psychometric confounds of interpreting exercise-induced symptom reporting as changes in stete anxiety. Thirty male subjects exercised on a motor-driven treadmill for 15 min at 75% of maximum heart rate reserve. Prior to» during, and following the exercise, subjects responded to short forms of Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory (SAI), Thayer's Aetivation-Deactivation Adjective Check List (AD-ACL), Borg's Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale» and a measure of affect. Preliminary results indicated that following 10 min of recovery from exercise» SAI scores were lower than baseline responses. Upon former analysis of individual SAI items, however, it was evident mat changes occurring in total SAI scores as a result of exercise were strongly influenced by changes in energetic arousal and general deactivation. This conclusion was supported by data from the AD-ACL as well as responses to postexperimental interviews. These findings cal into question the construct validity of the SAI and related state measures (e.g., the Profile of Mood States» or POMS) when used in conjunction with acute bouts of vigorous physical activity.

scholarly journals Support for the Reliability and Validity of a Six-Item State Anxiety Scale Derived From the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Tluczek ◽  
Jeffrey B. Henriques ◽  
Roger L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
The State ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Patient Anxiety ◽  
Time Points ◽  
State Form

Identifying the most efficient and theoretically appropriate methods to assess patient anxiety in fast-paced medical environments may be beneficial for clinical purposes as well as for research. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of two previously published six-item versions of the State form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and to identify the version that would be most appropriate to use with a sample of parents who had infants with normal or abnormal newborn screens. In the current study, confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to evaluate the fit of the two six-item forms with STAI data collected at three time points from 288 parents of 150 infants. Study groups of parents were based upon infant newborn screens and subsequent diagnostic testing to include cystic fibrosis (CF; n = 26), congenital hypothyroidism (CH; n = 39), CF Carriers (CF–C; n = 45), and healthy infants (H; n = 40). The results showed the version containing items 1, 3, 6, 15, 16, and 17 of the State form of the STAI to be a better fitting model across all three time points, and it had better internal consistency than the version containing items 5, 9, 10, 12, 17, and 20. Both short forms were highly correlated with the 20-item STAI score, and all internal consistency reliabilities were greater than .90. It was concluded that the version containing items 1, 3, 6, 15, 16, and 17 of the State Anxiety scale was a reliable and valid instrument for this study sample.

Item Bias Analysis of the Young Schema-Questionnaire for Psychopathology, Gender, and Educational Level

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marleen M. Rijkeboer ◽  
Huub van den Bergh ◽  
Jan van den Bout
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Item Bias ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Dutch Population ◽  
Bias Analysis ◽  
Young Schema Questionnaire ◽  
Item Functioning ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Schema Questionnaire

This study examines the construct validity of the Young Schema-Questionnaire at the item level in a Dutch population. Possible bias of items in relation to the presence or absence of psychopathology, gender, and educational level was analyzed, using a cross-validation design. None of the items of the YSQ exhibited differential item functioning (DIF) for gender, and only one item showed DIF for educational level. Furthermore, item bias analysis did not identify DIF for the presence or absence of psychopathology in as much as 195 of the 205 items comprising the YSQ. Ten items, however, spread over the questionnaire, were found to yield relatively inconsistent response patterns for patients and nonclinical participants.

scholarly journals Can Residential Greenspace Exposure Improve Pain Experience? A Comparison between Physical Visit and Image Viewing

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 918
Author(s):  
Hansen Li ◽  
Xing Zhang ◽  
Shilin Bi ◽  
Yang Cao ◽  
Guodong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
The State ◽  
Subjective Stress ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Scenic Beauty ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pain Stimuli

Reducing the burden of pain via greenspace exposure is a rising research topic. However, insufficient evidence has been found in relation to the environmental effect itself. Residential greenspace, as a convenient but limited natural environment for urban dwellers, has benefits and services yet to be discovered. Therefore, the current study recruited 24 young adults to evaluate the effects of physical visit to, or image viewing of, residential greenspace on pain perception and related psychophysiological outcomes, via simulated pain. Pain threshold and tolerance were recorded via the level of pain stimuli, and pain intensity was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The state scale of the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) and two adjective pairs were employed to measure the state anxiety and subjective stress, respectively. Meanwhile, heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and blood pressure (BP) were measured to investigate physiological responses. Besides, Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) was also employed to assess participants’ preference regarding the experimental environments. The results revealed that visiting the greenspace significantly increased the pain threshold and tolerance, while no significant effect was observed for image viewing. On the other hand, no significant difference was observed in pain-related psychophysiological indices between the experimental settings, but significantly negative associations were found between the scores of SBE and subjective stress and state anxiety. In conclusion, the current study brings experimental evidence of improving pain experience via residential greenspace exposure, while the related psychophysiological benefits require further investigation.

scholarly journals Acute exercise-induced glycocalyx shedding does not differ between exercise modalities, but is associated with total antioxidative capacity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Kröpfl ◽  
Fernando G. Beltrami ◽  
Markus Rehm ◽  
Hans-Jürgen Gruber ◽  
Ingeborg Stelzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Antioxidative Capacity ◽  
Total Antioxidative Capacity ◽  
Exercise Induced

scholarly journals Endurance training reduces the contraction-induced interleukin-6 mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (6) ◽  
pp. E1189-E1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian P. Fischer ◽  
Peter Plomgaard ◽  
Anne K. Hansen ◽  
Henriette Pilegaard ◽  
Bengt Saltin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Resting Muscle

Contracting skeletal muscle expresses large amounts of IL-6. Because 1) IL-6 mRNA expression in contracting skeletal muscle is enhanced by low muscle glycogen content, and 2) IL-6 increases lipolysis and oxidation of fatty acids, we hypothesized that regular exercise training, associated with increased levels of resting muscle glycogen and enhanced capacity to oxidize fatty acids, would lead to a less-pronounced increase of skeletal muscle IL-6 mRNA in response to acute exercise. Thus, before and after 10 wk of knee extensor endurance training, skeletal muscle IL-6 mRNA expression was determined in young healthy men ( n = 7) in response to 3 h of dynamic knee extensor exercise, using the same relative workload. Maximal power output, time to exhaustion during submaximal exercise, resting muscle glycogen content, and citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase enzyme activity were all significantly enhanced by training. IL-6 mRNA expression in resting skeletal muscle did not change in response to training. However, although absolute workload during acute exercise was 44% higher ( P < 0.05) after the training period, skeletal muscle IL-6 mRNA content increased 76-fold ( P < 0.05) in response to exercise before the training period, but only 8-fold ( P < 0.05, relative to rest and pretraining) in response to exercise after training. Furthermore, the exercise-induced increase of plasma IL-6 ( P < 0.05, pre- and posttraining) was not higher after training despite higher absolute work intensity. In conclusion, the magnitude of the exercise-induced IL-6 mRNA expression in contracting human skeletal muscle was markedly reduced by 10 wk of training.

scholarly journals Role of PGC-1α during acute exercise-induced autophagy and mitophagy in skeletal muscle

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (9) ◽  
pp. C710-C719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Vainshtein ◽  
Liam D. Tryon ◽  
Marion Pauly ◽  
David A. Hood
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Lipid Trafficking ◽  
Mitochondrial Transcription Factor ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Niemann Pick ◽  
Exercise Induced

Regular exercise leads to systemic metabolic benefits, which require remodeling of energy resources in skeletal muscle. During acute exercise, the increase in energy demands initiate mitochondrial biogenesis, orchestrated by the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). Much less is known about the degradation of mitochondria following exercise, although new evidence implicates a cellular recycling mechanism, autophagy/mitophagy, in exercise-induced adaptations. How mitophagy is activated and what role PGC-1α plays in this process during exercise have yet to be evaluated. Thus we investigated autophagy/mitophagy in muscle immediately following an acute bout of exercise or 90 min following exercise in wild-type (WT) and PGC-1α knockout (KO) animals. Deletion of PGC-1α resulted in a 40% decrease in mitochondrial content, as well as a 25% decline in running performance, which was accompanied by severe acidosis in KO animals, indicating metabolic distress. Exercise induced significant increases in gene transcripts of various mitochondrial (e.g., cytochrome oxidase subunit IV and mitochondrial transcription factor A) and autophagy-related (e.g., p62 and light chain 3) genes in WT, but not KO, animals. Exercise also resulted in enhanced targeting of mitochondria for mitophagy, as well as increased autophagy and mitophagy flux, in WT animals. This effect was attenuated in the absence of PGC-1α. We also identified Niemann-Pick C1, a transmembrane protein involved in lysosomal lipid trafficking, as a target of PGC-1α that is induced with exercise. These results suggest that mitochondrial turnover is increased following exercise and that this effect is at least in part coordinated by PGC-1α. Anna Vainshtein received the AJP-Cell 2015 Paper of the Year award. Listen to a podcast with Anna Vainshtein and coauthor David A. Hood at http://ajpcell.podbean.com/e/ajp-cell-paper-of-the-year-2015-award-podcast/ .

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