scholarly journals Occurrence, Survival, and Persistence of Human Adenoviruses and F-Specific RNA Phages in Raw Groundwater

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (24) ◽  
pp. 8019-8025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Ogorzaly ◽  
Isabelle Bertrand ◽  
Myriam Paris ◽  
Armand Maul ◽  
Christophe Gantzer

ABSTRACT Detection of specific genetic markers can rapidly identify the presence of enteric viruses in groundwater. However, comparison of stability characteristics between genetic and infectivity markers is necessary to better interpret molecular data. Human adenovirus serotype 2 (HAdV2), in conjunction with MS2 phages or GA phages, was spiked into raw groundwater microcosms. Viral stability was periodically assessed by both infectivity and real-time PCR methods. The results of this yearlong study suggest that adenoviruses have the most stable persistence profile and an ability to survive for a long time in groundwater. According to a linear regression model, infectivity reductions of HAdV2 ranged from 0.0076 log10/day (4°C) to 0.0279 log10/day (20°C) and were significantly lower than those observed for phages. No adenoviral genome degradation was observed at 4°C, and the reduction was estimated at 0.0036 log10/day at 20°C. Occurrence study showed that DNA of human adenoviruses could be observed in groundwater from a confined aquifer (7 of the 60 samples were positive by real-time PCR), while no fecal indicators were detected. In agreement with the persistence of genetic markers, the presence of adenoviral DNA in groundwater may be misleading in term of health risk, especially in the absence of information on the infective status.

2007 ◽  
Vol 191 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Muscillo ◽  
M. Pourshaban ◽  
M. Iaconelli ◽  
S. Fontana ◽  
A. Di Grazia ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilan Lu ◽  
Xiaomin Peng ◽  
Renqing Li ◽  
Yimeng Liu ◽  
Zhanguo Wu ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Twelve students experienced symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) at a training base in Beijing from August 26 to August 30, 2015. We investigated the cause of this ARI outbreak. Methods: In partnership with the local center for disease control, we collected a total of twelve pharyngeal swab specimens as well as demographic information for the affected patients. We used multiplex real-time PCR to screen for sixteen common respiratory viruses in these samples. To isolate HAdV, we inoculated Hep-2 cells with the human adenovirus (HAdV)-positive samples and then carried out sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the hexon, fiber, and penton genes of the isolated adenoviruses. In addition, we analyzed the entire genome of one strain isolated from the index case to identify single-nucleotide substitutions. Results: We identified ten HAdV-positive students using multiplex real-time PCR. None of the students were co-infected with other viruses. We successfully isolated seven HAdV strains from the pharyngeal swab specimens. The coding sequences of the hexon, fiber, and penton genes of these seven HAdV strains were identical, suggesting that they represented seven strains from a single virus clone. One HAdV isolate obtained from the index case, BJDX-01-2015, was selected for whole genome analysis. From this isolate, we obtained a 34,774-nucleotide sequence. The genome of BJDX-01-2015 clustered with HAdV-B55 in phylogenetic analyses and had 99.97% identity with human adenovirus 55 isolate HAdV-B/CHN/BJ01/2011/55 (GenBank accession no. JX491639). Conclusions: We identified HAdV-B55 as the strain associated with the August 2015 ARI outbreak at a training base in Beijing. This was the first reported outbreak in Beijing due to HAdV-B55. Continuous surveillance of respiratory adenoviruses is urgently needed to understand the epidemiological and evolutionary features of HAdV-B55, and an epidemiological modeling approach may provide further insights into this emerging public health threat. Furthermore, the clinical laboratory data from this outbreak provides important reference for the clinical diagnosis and may ultimately aid in informing the development of strategies to control and prevent respiratory tract infections caused by HAdV-B55. Keywords: Outbreak, Human adenovirus, Acute Respiratory Infection, Phylogenetic Analysis, Whole Genome Sequencing


2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 3997-4003 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Damen ◽  
R. Minnaar ◽  
P. Glasius ◽  
A. van der Ham ◽  
G. Koen ◽  
...  

2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 4636-4641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Gu ◽  
S. W. Belzer ◽  
C. S. Gibson ◽  
M. J. Bankowski ◽  
R. T. Hayden

2008 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 856-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sallene Wong ◽  
Kanti Pabbaraju ◽  
Xiaoli L. Pang ◽  
Bonita E. Lee ◽  
Julie D. Fox

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 2035-2041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Madic ◽  
Noémie Vingadassalon ◽  
Carine Peytavin de Garam ◽  
Muriel Marault ◽  
Flemming Scheutz ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTShiga toxin (Stx)-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) strains are a diverse group of food-borne pathogens with various levels of virulence for humans. In this study, we describe the use of a combination of multiple real-time PCR assays for the screening of 400 raw-milk cheeses for the five main pathogenic STEC serotypes (O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:H8, O145:H28, and O157:H7). The prevalences of samples positive forstx, intimin-encoding gene (eae), and at least one of the five O group genetic markers were 29.8%, 37.3%, and 55.3%, respectively. The H2, H7, H8, H11, and H28fliCalleles were highly prevalent and could not be used as reliable targets for screening. Combinations ofstx,eaevariants, and O genetic markers, which are typical of the five targeted STEC serotypes, were detected by real-time PCR in 6.5% of the cheeses (26 samples) and includedstx-wzxO26-eae-β1(4.8%; 19 samples),stx-wzxO103-eae-ε (1.3%; five samples),stx-ihp1O145-eae-γ1(0.8%; three samples), andstx-rfbEO157-eae-γ1(0.3%; one sample). Twenty-eight immunomagnetic separation (IMS) assays performed on samples positive for these combinations allowed the recovery of seveneaeβ1-positive STEC O26:H11 isolates, whereas no STEC O103:H2, O145:H28, or O157:H7 strains could be isolated. Threestx-negative andeaeβ1-positiveE. coliO26:[H11] strains were also isolated from cheeses by IMS. Colony hybridization allowed us to recover STEC fromstx-positive samples for 15 out of 45 assays performed, highlighting the difficulties encountered in STEC isolation from dairy products. The STEC O26:H11 isolates shared the same virulence genetic profile as enterohemorrhagicE. coli(EHEC) O26:H11, i.e., they carried the virulence-associated genes EHEC-hlyA,katP, andespP, as well as genomic O islands 71 and 122. Except for one strain, they all contained thestx1variant only, which was reported to be less frequently associated with human cases thanstx2. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed that they displayed high genetic diversity; none of them had patterns identical to those of human O26:H11 strains investigated here.


2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Haramoto ◽  
H. Katayama ◽  
K. Oguma ◽  
Y. Koibuchi ◽  
H. Furumai ◽  
...  

A two-month survey was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of rainfall on the fate of microorganisms in seawater in the Tokyo Bay, Japan. The seawater sample (1,000 mL) was applied to a method to concentrate virus, followed by a quantification of human adenoviruses using the real-time PCR. Total coliforms and E. coli, which were determined by the colony forming method, were detected in all 47 seawater samples, while human adenoviruses were detected in 38 (81%) of the samples. The concentration of tested microorganisms showed 1–2 log units increase after rainfall events, followed by the gradual decrease to the level before the rainfall within a few days.


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