scholarly journals Living in Your Skin: Microbes, Molecules, and Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Hannah Swaney ◽  
Lindsay R. Kalan
Keyword(s):  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Defensive Symbiosis ◽  
Skin Commensals ◽  
Skin Function ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT Human skin functions as a physical, chemical, and immune barrier against the external environment while also providing a protective niche for its resident microbiota, known as the skin microbiome. Cooperation between the microbiota, host skin cells, and the immune system is responsible for maintenance of skin health, and a disruption to this delicate balance, such as by pathogen invasion or a breach in the skin barrier, may lead to impaired skin function. In this minireview, we describe the role of the microbiome in microbe, host, and immune interactions under distinct skin states, including homeostasis, tissue repair, and wound infection. Furthermore, we highlight the growing number of diverse microbial metabolites and products that have been identified to mediate these interactions, particularly those involved in host-microbe communication and defensive symbiosis. We also address the contextual pathogenicity exhibited by many skin commensals and provide insight into future directions in the skin microbiome field.

scholarly journals Pilot Study on the Forehead Skin Microbiome and Short Chain Fatty Acids Depending on the SC Functional Index in Korean Cohorts

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2216
Author(s):  
Haryung Park ◽  
Karina Arellano ◽  
Yuri Lee ◽  
Subin Yeo ◽  
Yosep Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Dry Skin ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Dry skin is one of the indicators of a compromised skin barrier. An intact skin barrier is not only important to reserve the hydration within the epidermal tissue but also to protect our skin from environmental stressors and inhibit pathogen invasion; damage to the skin barrier may lead to inflammatory skin diseases. Some microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids may inhibit or destroy harmful bacteria and regulate the host immune system. The impact of the skin microbiome and short chain fatty acids on skin barrier function was studied in two groups of 75 participants each. The cohort was equally divided in dry and moist skin types, based on stratum corneum (SC) functionality index (SCFI), reflecting the ratio of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). A dry group represents a low SCFI and a moist group a high SCFI. Compared with the dry skin group, propionate and Cutibacterium levels (previously known as Propionibacterium acnes) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the moist group. Levels of Cutibacterium were negatively correlated with those of Staphylococcus (p <0.0001) in both dry and moist groups. The moist group also had a significantly higher propionate concentration (p < 0.001). This study showed that the microbial community and short chain fatty acid concentration may be considered as significant determinants of the SCFI of the skin.

scholarly journals The EVER Proteins as a Natural Barrier against Papillomaviruses: a New Insight into the Pathogenesis of Human Papillomavirus Infections

2009 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Lazarczyk ◽  
Patricia Cassonnet ◽  
Christian Pons ◽  
Yves Jacob ◽  
Michel Favre
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycles ◽  
Human Papillomaviruses ◽  
Zinc Homeostasis ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Cellular Zinc ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Oncogenic Hpv ◽  
Natural Barrier

SUMMARY Infections by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the most frequently occurring sexually transmitted diseases. The crucial role of genital oncogenic HPV in cervical carcinoma development is now well established. In contrast, the role of cutaneous HPV in skin cancer development remains a matter of debate. Cutaneous beta-HPV strains show an amazing ubiquity. The fact that a few oncogenic genotypes cause cancers in patients suffering from epidermodysplasia verruciformis is in sharp contrast to the unapparent course of infection in the general population. Our recent investigations revealed that a natural barrier exists in humans, which protects them against infection with these papillomaviruses. A central role in the function of this HPV-specific barrier is played by a complex of the zinc-transporting proteins EVER1, EVER2, and ZnT-1, which maintain cellular zinc homeostasis. Apparently, the deregulation of the cellular zinc balance emerges as an important step in the life cycles not only of cutaneous but also of genital HPVs, although the latter viruses have developed a mechanism by which they can break the barrier and impose a zinc imbalance. Herein, we present a previously unpublished list of the cellular partners of EVER proteins, which points to future directions concerning investigations of the mechanisms of action of the EVER/ZnT-1 complex. We also present a general overview of the pathogenesis of HPV infections, taking into account the latest discoveries regarding the role of cellular zinc homeostasis in the HPV life cycle. We propose a potential model for the mechanism of function of the anti-HPV barrier.

What do healthcare students want to know about artificial intelligence? A Canada-wide survey (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minnie Teng ◽  
Rohit Singla ◽  
Olivia Yau ◽  
Daniel Lamoureux ◽  
Aurinjoy Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Medical Curriculum ◽  
Health Professions ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Healthcare Students ◽  
Education Delivery ◽  
Nation Wide Survey ◽  
Positive Outlook ◽  
Insight Into

UNSTRUCTURED Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer a futuristic concept; it is increasingly integrated into healthcare practice. Many recent commentaries indicated the need to introduce AI literacy training into medical curriculum. However, little is known about what students want to learn about AI, and even less is known from healthcare students outside of medicine. We performed a nation-wide survey of healthcare students across 10 different health professions in Canada. 2167 students across 10 different health professions from 18 universities across Canada responded to the survey. The majority (80%) predicted that AI technology will impact their careers within the coming decade, and 72% reported a positive outlook towards the emerging role of AI in their respective fields. Attitudes towards AI varied by discipline. Findings inform student-identified gaps in knowledge and preferred education delivery formats. This study adds to current literature as it is the first to explore what healthcare students want to learn about AI, and provides insight into future directions for collaboration among sectors such as healthcare, education, and industry.

РОЛЬ КОЖНОГО МИКРОБИОЦЕНОЗА В ДИСФУНКЦИИ ЭПИДЕРМАЛЬНОГО БАРЬЕРА И РАЗВИТИИ АТОПИЧЕСКОГО ДЕРМАТИТА У ДЕТЕЙ РАННЕГО ВОЗРАСТА ИЗ ГРУППЫ

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.B. Migacheva
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Transepidermal Water Loss ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Children At Risk ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Epidermal Barrier

Обоснование. Нарушение кожного микробиоценоза и колонизация кожи S. aureus при атопическом дерматите (АтД) является широко распространенным феноменом и фактором, осложняющим течение заболевания. В настоящее время не вполне понятно, какую роль играет S. aureus в реализации АтД у детей из группы риска по развитию аллергических заболеваний. Цель. Изучение состава кожного микробиоценоза у детей раннего возраста из группы риска, а также роли S. aureus в дисфункции кожного барьера и реализации АтД. Материалы и методы. Проведен анализ 12-месячного наблюдения за 37 детьми из группы риска по развитию аллергических заболеваний, включающий общеклиническое обследование, проведение микробиологического исследования кожи в возрасте 1 и 6 мес и изучение функции эпидермального барьера путем определения показателя трансэпидермальной потери влаги (ТЭПВ) в возрасте 1 3 6 и 12 мес. В качестве исхода рассматривалось формирование АтД в течение периода наблюдения. Результаты. Частота выявления S. aureus на коже детей в возрасте 1 мес составила 45,9, в возрасте 6 мес - 29,7. Корреляционный анализ выявил ассоциацию между колонизацией кожи S. aureus и снижением показателей ТЭПВ (р0,004), а также частотой развития у них АтД (p0,001). Заключение. Обнаружение S. aureus в кожном микробиоценозе детей из группы риска ассоциировано с дисфункцией эпидермального барьера и является значимым фактором риска реализации у них АтД.Background. Colonization of skin with S. aureus in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients is a widespread phenomenon and a factor complicating the course of the disease. At present, it is not quite clear the role of S. aureus in the development of AD in children at risk. The aim of our study was to discribe the skin microbiome composition in young children at risk, as well as to investigate the role of S. aureus in skin barrier dysfunction and the development of AD. Material and methods. 12months follow-up study of 37 infants at risk has been performed. It included a general clinical examination, a microbiological investigation of skin microbiome (at 1 and 6 months), and investigation of epidermal barrier function by determining the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Realization of AD during the observation period was considered as main outcome. Results. The prevalence of S. aureus colonization of infants aged 1 month was 45.9, at the age of 6 months - 29.7. Correlation analysis revealed an association between the skin colonization with S. aureus and a decrease of TEWL (p 0.004), as well as the cumulative incidence of AD (p 0.001). Conclusion. The detection of S. aureus as a part of skin microbiocenosis in AD infants at risk is associated with dysfunction of the epidermal barrier and is a significant risk factor for the AD development.

Staphylococcus epidermidis: A Potential New Player in the Physiopathology of Acne?

Dermatology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 235 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Claudel ◽  
Nicole Auffret ◽  
Marie-Thérèse Leccia ◽  
Florence Poli ◽  
Stéphane Corvec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Cutibacterium Acnes ◽  
Skin Commensals

Background: Cutibacterium acnes has been identified as one of the main triggers of acne. However, increasing knowledge of the human skin microbiome raises questions about the role of other skin commensals, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, in the physiopathology of this skin disease. Summary: This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the potential role of S. epidermidis in the physiopathology of acne. Recent research indicates that acne might be the result of an unbalanced equilibrium between C. acnes and S. epidermidis,according to dedicated interactions. Current treatments act on C. acnesonly. Other treatment options may be considered, such as probiotics derived from S. epidermidis to restore the naturally balanced microbiota or through targeting the regulation of the host’s AMP mediators. Key Messages: Research seems to confirm the beneficial role of S. epidermidis in acne by limiting C. acnes over-colonisation and inflammation.

scholarly journals Spermidine-induced recovery of human dermal structure and barrier function by skin microbiome

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gihyeon Kim ◽  
Misun Kim ◽  
Minji Kim ◽  
Changho Park ◽  
Youngmin Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Skin Structure

AbstractAn unbalanced microbial ecosystem on the human skin is closely related to skin diseases and has been associated with inflammation and immune responses. However, little is known about the role of the skin microbiome on skin aging. Here, we report that the Streptococcus species improved the skin structure and barrier function, thereby contributing to anti-aging. Metagenomic analyses showed the abundance of Streptococcus in younger individuals or those having more elastic skin. Particularly, we isolated Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus infantis, and Streptococcus thermophilus from face of young individuals. Treatment with secretions of S. pneumoniae and S. infantis induced the expression of genes associated with the formation of skin structure and the skin barrier function in human skin cells. The application of culture supernatant including Streptococcal secretions on human skin showed marked improvements on skin phenotypes such as elasticity, hydration, and desquamation. Gene Ontology analysis revealed overlaps in spermidine biosynthetic and glycogen biosynthetic processes. Streptococcus-secreted spermidine contributed to the recovery of skin structure and barrier function through the upregulation of collagen and lipid synthesis in aged cells. Overall, our data suggest the role of skin microbiome into anti-aging and clinical applications.

Ambulatory Monitoring of Daily Voice Use

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Hillman ◽  
Daryush D. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Ambulatory Monitoring ◽  
Vocal Behavior ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Vocal Function ◽  
Current State ◽  
Voice Use ◽  
Insight Into

Many common voice disorders are chronic or recurring conditions likely to result from faulty and/or abusive patterns of vocal behavior. Such behaviorally based disorders can be difficult to assess accurately in the clinical setting and potentially could be much better characterized by long-term ambulatory monitoring of vocal function as individuals engage in their typical daily activities. Ambulatory monitoring also could provide new insight into the actual role of voice use in common disorders and missing quantitative data on what constitutes normal levels of daily voice use for different groups of individuals, activities, and occupations. This report describes the motivation, previous development efforts, current state-of-the-art technology, and future directions in ambulatory monitoring of voice use.

The role of ESCRT proteins in fusion events involving lysosomes, endosomes and autophagosomes

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1469-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Metcalf ◽  
Adrian M. Isaacs
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Multivesicular Body ◽  
Membrane Curvature ◽  
Multivesicular Bodies ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Endosomal Sorting ◽  
Endosomal Membrane ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Insight Into

ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) proteins were originally identified for their role in delivering endocytosed proteins to the intraluminal vesicles of late-endosomal structures termed multivesicular bodies. Multivesicular bodies then fuse with lysosomes, leading to degradation of the internalized proteins. Four ESCRT complexes interact to concentrate cargo on the endosomal membrane, induce membrane curvature to form an intraluminal bud and finally pinch off the bud through a membrane-scission event to produce the intraluminal vesicle. Recent work suggests that ESCRT proteins are also required downstream of these events to enable fusion of multivesicular bodies with lysosomes. Autophagy is a related pathway required for the degradation of organelles, long-lived proteins and protein aggregates which also converges on lysosomes. The proteins or organelle to be degraded are encapsulated by an autophagosome that fuses either directly with a lysosome or with an endosome to form an amphisome, which then fuses with a lysosome. A common machinery is beginning to emerge that regulates fusion events in the multivesicular body and autophagy pathways, and we focus in the present paper on the role of ESCRT proteins. These fusion events have been implicated in diseases including frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, lysosomal storage disorders, myopathies and bacterial pathogen invasion, and therefore further examination of the mechanisms involved may lead to new insight into disease pathogenesis and treatments.

scholarly journals From Dysbiosis to Healthy Skin: Major Contributions of Cutibacterium acnes to Skin Homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 628
Author(s):  
Miquel Rozas ◽  
Astrid Hart de Ruijter ◽  
Maria Jose Fabrega ◽  
Amine Zorgani ◽  
Marc Guell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clonal Diversity ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Skin Disorders ◽  
Healthy Skin ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Cutibacterium Acnes ◽  
The Face ◽  
Skin Commensals ◽  
Niche Competition

Cutibacterium acnes is the most abundant bacterium living in human, healthy and sebum-rich skin sites, such as the face and the back. This bacterium is adapted to this specific environment and therefore could have a major role in local skin homeostasis. To assess the role of this bacterium in healthy skin, this review focused on (i) the abundance of C. acnes in the skin microbiome of healthy skin and skin disorders, (ii) its major contributions to human skin health, and (iii) skin commensals used as probiotics to alleviate skin disorders. The loss of C. acnes relative abundance and/or clonal diversity is frequently associated with skin disorders such as acne, atopic dermatitis, rosacea, and psoriasis. C. acnes, and the diversity of its clonal population, contributes actively to the normal biophysiological skin functions through, for example, lipid modulation, niche competition and oxidative stress mitigation. Compared to gut probiotics, limited dermatological studies have investigated skin probiotics with skin commensal strains, highlighting their unexplored potential.

scholarly journals The Cutaneous Microbiome and Wounds: New Molecular Targets to Promote Wound Healing

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Johnson ◽  
Belinda Gómez ◽  
Matthew McIntyre ◽  
Michael Dubick ◽  
Robert Christy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Epithelial Barrier Function ◽  
Healing Tissue ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Skin Commensals ◽  
Chronic Skin

The ecological community of microorganisms in/on humans, termed the microbiome, is vital for sustaining homeostasis. While culture-independent techniques have revealed the role of the gut microbiome in human health and disease, the role of the cutaneous microbiome in wound healing is less defined. Skin commensals are essential in the maintenance of the epithelial barrier function, regulation of the host immune system, and protection from invading pathogenic microorganisms. In this review, we summarize the literature derived from pre-clinical and clinical studies on how changes in the microbiome of various acute and chronic skin wounds impact wound healing tissue regeneration. Furthermore, we review the mechanistic insights garnered from model wound healing systems. Finally, in the face of growing concern about antibiotic-resistance, we will discuss alternative strategies for the treatment of infected wounds to improve wound healing and outcomes. Taken together, it has become apparent that commensals, symbionts, and pathogens on human skin have an intimate role in the inflammatory response that highlights several potential strategies to treat infected, non-healing wounds. Despite these promising results, there are some contradictory and controversial findings from existing studies and more research is needed to define the role of the human skin microbiome in acute and chronic wound healing.

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