An Assessment of Serological Assays for SARS-CoV-2 as Surrogates for Authentic Virus Neutralization

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 recently emerged, resulting a global pandemic. Rapid genomic information is critical to understanding transmission and pathogenesis. Here, we describe validated protocols for generating high-quality full-length genomes from primary samples. The first employs multiplex RT-PCR followed by MinION or MiSeq sequencing. The second uses singleplex, nested RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing.

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Yellow fever, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, and H1N1 influenza infections

Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology ◽

10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0190 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 1584-1587

Author(s):

Norbert Lameire

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Yellow Fever ◽

H1n1 Influenza ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus

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Differences in Antibody Kinetics and Functionality Between Severe and Mild Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiaa463 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 222 (8) ◽

pp. 1265-1269 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ger Rijkers ◽

Jean-Luc Murk ◽

Bas Wintermans ◽

Bieke van Looy ◽

Marcel van den Berge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Virus Neutralization ◽

Neutralization Titer ◽

Humoral Immune ◽

Leave Of Absence ◽

Antibody Kinetics

Abstract We determined and compared the humoral immune response in patients with severe (hospitalized) and mild (nonhospitalized) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Patients with severe disease (n = 38) develop a robust antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), including immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A antibodies. The geometric mean 50% virus neutralization titer is 1:240. SARS-CoV-2 infection was found in hospital personnel (n = 24), who developed mild symptoms necessitating leave of absence and self-isolation, but not hospitalization; 75% developed antibodies, but with low/absent virus neutralization (60% with titers <1:20). While severe COVID-19 patients develop a strong antibody response, mild SARS-CoV-2 infections induce a modest antibody response. Long-term monitoring will show whether these responses predict protection against future infections.

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Vaccines for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Other Coronaviruses

Nidoviruses ◽

10.1128/9781555815790.ch25 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 379-407 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Luis Enjuanes ◽

Marta L. DeDiego ◽

Enrique Alvarez ◽

Carmen Capiscol ◽

Ralph Baric

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus

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Serum Immune Responses to the Proteins of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Virus

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/104063879400600402 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 410-415 ◽

Cited By ~ 95

Author(s):

Eric A. Nelson ◽

Jane Christopher-Hennings ◽

David A. Benfield

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Indirect Immunofluorescence ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Virus Isolate ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Viral Proteins ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Virus Neutralization ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Prrs Virus

The antibody responses of pigs to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (isolate VR-2332) were evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence, virus neutralization, and immunoblotting. All pigs in each group were positive by indirect immunofluorescence 14-21 days postexposure (DPE), and antibodies to specific viral proteins (15, 19 or 26 kD) were initially demonstrated by immunoblotting at 7–21 days DPE. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in only 2 pigs that were inoculated intranasally and given additional parenteral injections with adjuvant. These antibodies appeared much later, 51–70 DPE, than did antibodies detected by indirect immunofluorescence. The titer of the neutralizing antibodies increased until 127 DPE, after which the titers decreased, and 1 animal became seronegative for neutralizing antibody by 262 DPE.

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Identification of an immunodominant epitope in the C terminus of glycoprotein 5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/0022-1317-82-5-995 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 82 (5) ◽

pp. 995-999 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

María Jose Rodriguez ◽

Javier Sarraseca ◽

Jesús Fominaya ◽

Elena Cortés ◽

Antonio Sanz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Virus Neutralization ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Deletion Mutants ◽

Immunodominant Epitope ◽

Diagnostic Potential ◽

C Terminus ◽

Transmembrane Regions ◽

Glycoprotein 5

Glycoprotein 5 (GP5) is the major glycoprotein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Expression of GP5 has been improved by removing the transmembrane regions. Vectors were constructed encoding complete GP5 plus three mutants: GP5 ΔNs (residues 28–201), GP5[30–67] (residues 30–67) and GP5[30–201] (residues 30–67/130–201). The three deletion mutants were expressed at levels 20–30 times higher than complete GP5. GP5[30–201] was well recognized in ELISA or immunoblotting by a collection of pig sera. All the fragments were tested for the generation of MAbs, but only the polyhistidine-tagged fragment GP5[30–201]H elicited an antibody response sufficient to produce MAbs. The two MAbs were positive for PRRSV in ELISA and immunoblotting, but negative for virus neutralization. MAb 4BE12 reacted with residues 130–170 and MAb 3AH9 recognized residues 170–201. This region was recognized strongly in immunoblotting by a collection of infected-pig sera. These results indicate diagnostic potential for this epitope.

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Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Human Research Islet Program

10.1101/2021.12.24.474114 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tina J Dafoe ◽

Theodore dos Santos ◽

Aliya F Spigelman ◽

James Lyon ◽

Nancy Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Healthcare Systems ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Personal Health ◽

Islet Isolation ◽

Human Pancreatic Islets ◽

Transit Times ◽

Organ Quality ◽

New Guidelines

Designated a pandemic in March 2020, the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), led to new guidelines and restrictions being implemented for individuals, businesses, and societies in efforts to limit the impacts of COVID-19 on personal health and healthcare systems. Here we report the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on pancreas processing and islet isolation/distribution outcomes at the Alberta Diabetes Institute IsletCore, a facility specialising in the processing and distribution of human pancreatic islets for research. While the number of organs processed was significantly reduced, organ quality and the function of cellular outputs were minimally impacted during the pandemic when compared to an equivalent period immediately prior. Despite the maintained quality of isolated islets, recipient groups reported poorer feedback regarding the samples. Our findings suggest this is likely due to disrupted distribution which led to increased transit times to recipient labs, particularly those overseas. Thus, to improve overall outcomes in a climate of limited research islet supply, prioritization of tissue recipients based on likely tissue transit times may be needed.

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Impact of Prior Infection on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission in Syrian Hamsters

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.722178 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Cheng Zhang ◽

Zhendong Guo ◽

Nan Li ◽

Huan Cui ◽

Keyin Meng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Direct Contact ◽

Herd Immunity ◽

Healthy Population ◽

Syrian Hamsters ◽

Vaccination Coverage Rate ◽

Contact Transmission ◽

The Impact ◽

Prior Infection ◽

Sterilizing Immunity

Prior infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) provides protective immunity against reinfection. However, whether prior infection blocks SARS-CoV-2 transmission is not yet clear. Here, we evaluated the impact of prior infection on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Syrian hamsters. Our results showed that prior infection significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication in Syrian hamsters, but sterilizing immunity was not achieved. Prior infection blocked the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from previously infected Syrian hamsters to naïve Syrian hamsters and previously infected Syrian hamsters. Moreover, prior infection substantially reduced the efficiency of direct contact transmission between previously infected Syrian hamsters. However, prior infection had limited impact on SARS-CoV-2 transmission from previously infected Syrian hamsters to naïve Syrian hamsters via direct contact in the early course of infection. Human reinfection and SARS-CoV-2 transmission between a previously infected population and a healthy population would be likely, and a higher vaccination coverage rate was needed to reach herd immunity. Our work will aid the implementation of appropriate public health and social measures to control coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

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