scholarly journals Positive Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus EG004 on Cognitive Ability of Healthy Mice by Fecal Microbiome Analysis Using Full-Length 16S-23S rRNA Metagenome Sequencing

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soomin Jeon ◽  
Hyaekang Kim ◽  
Jina Kim ◽  
Donghyeok Seol ◽  
Jinchul Jo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
23S Rrna ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Signaling Mechanism ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Analysis ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Metagenome Sequencing ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Positive Effect

Recently, the concept of the “gut-brain axis” has risen and suggested that microbes in the GI tract affect the brain by modulating signal molecules. Although many pieces of research were reported in a short period, a signaling mechanism and the effects of a specific bacterial strain are still unclear.

scholarly journals The regional diversity of gut microbiome along the GI tract of male C57BL/6 mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enkhchimeg Lkhagv ◽  
Hea-Jong Chung ◽  
Jinny Hong ◽  
Wai Hong Wilson Tang ◽  
Sang-Il Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Metagenome Sequencing ◽  
Water Contents

Abstract Background: The proliferation and survival of microbial organisms including intestinal microbes are determined by their surrounding environments. Contrary to popular myth, the nutritional and chemical compositions, water contents, O2 contents, temperatures, and pH in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of a human are very different in a location-specific manner, implying heterogeneity of the microbial composition in a location-specific manner.Results: We first investigated the environmental conditions at 6 different locations along the GI tract and feces of ten weeks’ old male SPF C57BL/6 mice. As previously known, the pH and water contents of the GI contents at the different locations of the GI tract were very different from each other in a location-specific manner, and none of which were not even similar to those of feces. After confirming the heterogeneous nature of the GI contents in specific locations and feces, we thoroughly analyzed the composition of the microbiome of the GI contents and feces. 16S rDNA-based metagenome sequencing on the GI contents and feces showed the presence of 13 different phyla. The abundance of Firmicutes gradually decreased from the stomach to feces while the abundance of Bacteroidetes gradually increased. The taxonomic α-diversities measured by ACE (Abundance-based Coverage Estimator) richness, Shannon diversity, and Fisher’s alpha all indicated that the diversities of gut microbiome at colon and cecum were much higher than that of feces. The diversities of microbiome compositions were lowest in jejunum and ileum while highest in cecum and colon. Interestingly, the diversities of the fecal microbiome were lower than those of the cecum and colon. Beta diversity analyses by NMDS plots, PCA, and unsupervised hierarchical clustering all showed that the microbiome compositions were very diverse in a location-specific manner. Direct comparison of the fecal microbiome with the microbiome of the whole GI tracts by α-and β-diversities showed that the fecal microbiome did not represent the microbiome of the whole GI tractConclusion: The fecal microbiome is different from the whole microbiome of the GI tract, contrary to a baseline assumption of contemporary microbiome research work.

scholarly journals The regional diversity of gut microbiome along the GI tract of male C57BL/6 mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enkhchimeg Lkhagva ◽  
Hea-Jong Chung ◽  
Jinny Hong ◽  
Wai Hong Wilson Tang ◽  
Sang-Il Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Metagenome Sequencing ◽  
Water Contents

Abstract Background The proliferation and survival of microbial organisms including intestinal microbes are determined by their surrounding environments. Contrary to popular myth, the nutritional and chemical compositions, water contents, O2 contents, temperatures, and pH in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of a human are very different in a location-specific manner, implying heterogeneity of the microbial composition in a location-specific manner. Results We first investigated the environmental conditions at 6 different locations along the GI tract and feces of ten weeks’ old male SPF C57BL/6 mice. As previously known, the pH and water contents of the GI contents at the different locations of the GI tract were very different from each other in a location-specific manner, and none of which were not even similar to those of feces. After confirming the heterogeneous nature of the GI contents in specific locations and feces, we thoroughly analyzed the composition of the microbiome of the GI contents and feces. 16S rDNA-based metagenome sequencing on the GI contents and feces showed the presence of 13 different phyla. The abundance of Firmicutes gradually decreased from the stomach to feces while the abundance of Bacteroidetes gradually increased. The taxonomic α-diversities measured by ACE (Abundance-based Coverage Estimator) richness, Shannon diversity, and Fisher’s alpha all indicated that the diversities of gut microbiome at colon and cecum were much higher than that of feces. The diversities of microbiome compositions were lowest in jejunum and ileum while highest in cecum and colon. Interestingly, the diversities of the fecal microbiome were lower than those of the cecum and colon. Beta diversity analyses by NMDS plots, PCA, and unsupervised hierarchical clustering all showed that the microbiome compositions were very diverse in a location-specific manner. Direct comparison of the fecal microbiome with the microbiome of the whole GI tracts by α-and β-diversities showed that the fecal microbiome did not represent the microbiome of the whole GI tract. Conclusion The fecal microbiome is different from the whole microbiome of the GI tract, contrary to a baseline assumption of contemporary microbiome research work.

scholarly journals The Regional Diversity of Gut Microbiome Along the GI Tract

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enkhchimeg Lkhagv ◽  
Hea-Jong Chung ◽  
Jinny Hong ◽  
Wai Hong Wilson Tang ◽  
Sang-Il Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Metagenome Sequencing ◽  
Water Contents

Abstract Background: The proliferation and survival of microbial organisms including intestinal microbes are determined by their surrounding environments. Contrary to popular myth, the nutritional and chemical compositions, water contents, O2 contents, temperatures, and pH in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of human are very different in a location-specific manner, implying heterogeneity of the microbial composition in a location specific manner.Results: We first investigated the environmental conditions at 6 different locations along the along the GI tract and feces of ten weeks’ old male SPF C57BL/6 mice. As previously known, the pH and water contents of the GI contents at the different location of the GI tract were very different from each other in a location-specific manner, and none of which were not even similar to those of feces. After confirming the heterogeneous nature of the GI contents in specific location and feces, we thoroughly analyzed the composition of microbiome of the GI contents and feces. Metagenome sequencing on the GI contents and feces showed presence of 13 different phyla. The abundance of Firmicutes gradually decreased from the stomach to feces while the abundance of Bacteroidetes gradually increased. The taxonomic α-diversities measured by ACE richness, Shannon diversity and Fisher’s alpha all indicated that the diversities of gut microbiota at colon and cecum were much higher than that of feces. The diversities of microbiome compositions were lowest in jejunum and ilium while highest in cecum and colon. Interestingly, the diversities of fecal microbiome were lower than those of cecum and colon. Beta diversity analyses by NMDS plots, PCA, and un-supervised hierarchical clustering all showed that the microbiome compositions were very diverse in location-specific manner. Direct comparison of the fecal microbiome with the microbiome of the whole GI tracts by α-and β-diversities showed that fecal microbiome did not represent the microbiome of the whole GI tractConclusion: The fecal microbiome is different from the whole microbiome of the GI tract, contrary to the baseline assumption in the large majority of contemporary microbiome research work.

Severe Head Injury linked to Subsequent Development of Malignant Brain Tumour within a Short Period- A Case Report

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Brain Tumour ◽  
Severe Head Injury ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Malignant Brain Tumour ◽  
Tumour Development ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Brain

There have been a few case reports of head injury leading to brain tumour development in the same region as the brain injury. Here we report a case where the patient suffered a severe head injury with contusion. He recovered clinically with conservative management. Follow up Computed Tomography scan of the brain a month later showed complete resolution of the lesion. He subsequently developed malignant brain tumour in the same region as the original contusion within a very short period of 15 months. Head injury patients need close follow up especially when severe. The link between severity of head injury and malignant brain tumour development needs further evaluation. Role of anti-inflammatory agents for prevention of post traumatic brain tumours needs further exploration.

scholarly journals Preclinical Detection of Alpha-Synuclein Seeding Activity in the Colon of a Transgenic Mouse Model of Synucleinopathy by RT-QuIC

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Jung-Youn Han ◽  
Chaewon Shin ◽  
Young Pyo Choi
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Lewy Body ◽  
Dementia With Lewy Body ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Model ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Colon Tissue ◽  
Presymptomatic Stage ◽  
The Brain

In synucleinopathies such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy body (DLB), pathological alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates are found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as well as in the brain. In this study, using real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC), we investigated the presence of α-syn seeding activity in the brain and colon tissue of G2-3 transgenic mice expressing human A53T α-syn. Here we show that pathological α-syn aggregates with seeding activity were present in the colon of G2-3 mice as early as 3 months old, which is in the presymptomatic stage prior to the observation of any neurological abnormalities. In contrast, α-syn seeding activity was not detectable in 3 month-old mouse brains and only identified at 6 months of age in one of three mice. In the symptomatic stage of 12 months of age, RT-QuIC seeding activity was consistently detectable in both the brain and colon of G2-3 mice. Our results indicate that the RT-QuIC assay can presymptomatically detect pathological α-syn aggregates in the colon of G2-3 mice several months prior to their detection in brain tissue.

TMOD-31. AN ORGANOTYPIC TISSUE PLATFORM TO BRIDGE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ASSAYS FOR BRAIN CANCER TREATMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi222-vi222
Author(s):  
Breanna Mann ◽  
Noah Bell ◽  
Denise Dunn ◽  
Scott Floyd ◽  
Shawn Hingtgen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Brain Cancer ◽  
Brain Slice ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Preclinical Model ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Brain cancers remain one of the greatest medical challenges. The lack of experimentally tractable models that recapitulate brain structure/function represents a major impediment. Platforms that enable functional testing in high-fidelity models are urgently needed to accelerate the identification and translation of therapies to improve outcomes for patients suffering from brain cancer. In vitro assays are often too simple and artificial while in vivo studies can be time-intensive and complicated. Our live, organotypic brain slice platform can be used to seed and grow brain cancer cell lines, allowing us to bridge the existing gap in models. These tumors can rapidly establish within the brain slice microenvironment, and morphologic features of the tumor can be seen within a short period of time. The growth, migration, and treatment dynamics of tumors seen on the slices recapitulate what is observed in vivo yet is missed by in vitro models. Additionally, the brain slice platform allows for the dual seeding of different cell lines to simulate characteristics of heterogeneous tumors. Furthermore, live brain slices with embedded tumor can be generated from tumor-bearing mice. This method allows us to quantify tumor burden more effectively and allows for treatment and retreatment of the slices to understand treatment response and resistance that may occur in vivo. This brain slice platform lays the groundwork for a new clinically relevant preclinical model which provides physiologically relevant answers in a short amount of time leading to an acceleration of therapeutic translation.

Follow-up of intra-arterial delivery of bevacizumab for treatment of butterfly glioblastoma in patient with first-in-human, real-time MRI-guided intra-arterial neurointervention

2021 ◽  
pp. neurintsurg-2021-017900
Author(s):  
Michal Zawadzki ◽  
Jerzy Walecki ◽  
Boguslaw Kostkiewicz ◽  
Kacper Kostyra ◽  
Piotr Walczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Tumor Recurrence ◽  
Tumor Volume ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Arterial Infusion ◽  
Second Procedure ◽  
Discharge From Hospital ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Positive Effect

This case report shows that real-time MRI may aid in the precision of intra-arterial delivery of bevacizumab to butterfly glioblastoma. Fast clinical improvement, decrease of contrast enhancing status, and no serious adverse effects were observed at discharge from hospital. The patient regained pre-recurrent neurological status for 2 months with a subsequent fast clinical decline and an increase in tumor volume. The patient underwent a second procedure of intra-arterial delivery of bevacizumab to the brain, with substantial clinical and radiological improvement, but not the level of improvement observed after the first procedure. Another clinical decline occurred with an increase in tumor size and the patient was treated 2 months later with a third intra-arterial infusion of bevacizumab. While another positive effect was achieved, it was less pronounced than before, and the patient died 1.5 months later. There were no technical, ischemic or other complications during the procedures. The patient survived 218 days from the first symptoms of tumor recurrence, 190 days from the first MRI, and 175 days from the first intra-arterial treatment of bevacizumab.

Endovascular Advances for Brain Arteriovenous Malformations

Neurosurgery ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S74-S82 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Webster Crowley ◽  
Andrew F. Ducruet ◽  
Cameron G. McDougall ◽  
Felipe C. Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Endovascular Treatment ◽  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Brain Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Cerebral Avms ◽  
Brain Avms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Way

Abstract Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain represent unique challenges for treating physicians. Although these lesions have traditionally been treated with surgical resection alone, advancements in endovascular and radiosurgical therapies have greatly expanded the treatment options for patients harboring brain AVMs. Perhaps no subspecialty within neurosurgery has seen as many advancements over a relatively short period of time as the endovascular field. A number of these endovascular innovations have been designed primarily for cerebral AVMs, and even those advancements that are not particular to AVMs have resulted in substantial changes to the way cerebral AVMs are treated. These advancements have enabled the embolization of cerebral AVMs to be performed either as a stand-alone treatment, or in conjunction with surgery or radiosurgery. Perhaps nothing has impacted the treatment of brain AVMs as substantially as the development of liquid embolics, most notably Onyx and n-butyl cyanoacrylate. However, of near-equal impact has been the innovations seen in the catheters that help deliver the liquid embolics to the AVMs. These developments include flow-directed catheters, balloon-tipped catheters, detachable-tipped catheters, and distal access catheters. This article aims to review some of the more substantial advancements in the endovascular treatment of brain AVMs and to discuss the literature surrounding the expanding indications for endovascular treatment of these lesions.

scholarly journals 60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: MEMOIR: Geoffrey Harris and my brush with his unit

2015 ◽  
Vol 226 (2) ◽  
pp. T1-T11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Raisman
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Personal Story ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mutant Rat

Geoffrey Harris is chiefly known for his demonstration of the control of the pituitary gland by the portal vessels coming from the hypothalamus. This does not do justice to his extraordinary contribution to biology. Harris' life's work was central in demonstrating the brain/body interactions by which animals and humans adapt to their environment, and above all the control of that most crucial and proximate of all evolutionary events – reproduction. In this brief review, I have tried to put Geoffrey Harris' work in the context of the scientific thinking at the time when he began his work, and above all, the contribution of his mentor, FHA Marshall, on whose towering shoulders Harris rose. But this is mainly my personal story, in which I have tried to show the debt that my work owed to Harris and especially to my dear friend, the late Keith Brown-Grant in Harris' team. I myself was never an endocrinologist, but over a short period in the early 1970s, under the influence of such inspirational mentors, and using purely anatomical methods, I was able to demonstrate sexual dimorphism and hormone-dependent sexual differentiation in the connections of the preoptic area, regeneration of the median eminence, the ultrastructure of apoptosis, the requirement for the suprachiasmatic nuclei in reproductive rhythms, the existence of non-rod or cone photoreceptors in the albino rat retina and, later, the expression of vasopressin by solitary (one in 600) magnocellular neurons in the polydipsic di/di Brattleboro mutant rat; this phenomenon was subsequently shown to be due to a+1 reading frameshift. I end this brief overview by mentioning some of the abiding and fascinating mysteries of the endocrine memory of the brain that arise from Harris' work on the control of the endocrines, and by pointing out how the current interest in chronobiology emphasises what a Cinderella the endocrine mechanisms have become in current brain imaging studies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document