Mineral Systems Based on the Number of Species-Defining Chemical Elements in Minerals: Their Diversity, Complexity, Distribution, and the Mineral Evolution of the Earth’s Crust: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 704-718
Author(s):  
V. G. Krivovichev ◽  
M. V. Charykova ◽  
S. V. Krivovichev
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Earth's Crust

Les roches et leur equilibre dans la structure du globe

1965 ◽  
Vol S7-VII (1) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
Georges Machairas
Keyword(s):  
Source Rock ◽  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Crust And Upper Mantle ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Second Category

Abstract The rocks of the earth's crust and upper mantle belong to three categories. The first includes those rocks that have achieved complete equilibrium. Rocks of the second category represent transitory equilibrium, their formation varying relative to the chemical elements available and the physical and dynamic conditions. Rocks of the third category consist of limestones, shales, and other detrital sediments. Their composition is completely controlled by that of the source rock. The global discontinuities including that at the surface, and the Mohorovicic and Lehmann-Gutenberg discontinuities are briefly discussed in terms of differences in densities of rocks of the various categories.

scholarly journals The periodic system of chemical elements solid model in the geological aspect

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-47
Author(s):  
Mikhail M. Labushev ◽  
◽  
Timofey M. Labushev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Lattice ◽  
Periodic System ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Zero Element ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Solid Model ◽  
Simple Substance ◽  
Volcanic Processes ◽  
Earth's Crust

The topicality of the research comes from the need to obtain new knowledge about the manifestation of the periodic law in nature. Research aim is to associate the periodic system of chemical elements with the chemical composition and structure of natural objects. The research method suggests the creation of a solid model of the periodic system of chemical elements along with its comparison with ore formation objects as well as the manifestation of chemical elements isomorphism and some natural processes geochemistry. Research results. The solid version of the periodic table of the first 95 chemical elements together with a conventional zero element is proposed. Each volume cell characterizes a chemical element with an elementary crystal lattice of simple substance. Similar models can be composed of minerals and rocks associating with material substance of the earth's crust. 16 vertical groups in the model are arranged in a snake-like pattern. The model of the earth's crust with the “cubes” of chemical elements, minerals and mineral associations is proposed. The elements of adjacent spatial groups are naturally concentrated in combination, showing isomorphism while minerals enter the crystal lattice. The relative position of adjacent “cubes” follows the rule of translation in mutually perpendicular directions. The chemical elements of the first group can correspond spatially to volcanoes as well as mud volcanoes. The place of the zero chemical element is considered to be occupied by the elements of adjacent spatial groups. It is assumed that the faces of the “cube” of chemical elements are permeable areas through which chemical elements can be transferred. Summary. The confirmation of the model follows while considering ore formations, isomorphism of chemical elements in minerals and geochemistry of volcanic processes. 46 "Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal". No. 1. 2020 ISSN 0536-1028 Key words: chemical elements; solid model of periodic system; ore formations; isomorphism in crystals; geochemistry of volcanic processes.

scholarly journals An Updated Review of Toxicity Effect of the Rare Earth Elements (REEs) on Aquatic Organisms

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1663
Author(s):  
Nemi Malhotra ◽  
Hua-Shu Hsu ◽  
Sung-Tzu Liang ◽  
Marri Jmelou M. Roldan ◽  
Jiann-Shing Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Aquatic Biota ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Toxicity Effect ◽  
Earth's Crust

Rare earth elements (REEs) or “technology metals” were coined by the U.S. Department of Energy, a group of seventeen elements found in the Earth’s crust. These chemical elements are vital and irreplaceable to the world of technology owing to their unique physical, chemical, and light-emitting properties, all of which are beneficial in modern healthcare, telecommunication, and defense. Rare earth elements are relatively abundant in Earth’s crust, with critical qualities to the device performance. The reuse and recycling of rare earth elements through different technologies can minimize impacts on the environment; however, there is insufficient data about their biological, bioaccumulation, and health effects. The increasing usage of rare earth elements has raised concern about environmental toxicity, which may further cause harmful effects on human health. The study aims to review the toxicity analysis of these rare earth elements concerning aquatic biota, considering it to be the sensitive indicator of the environment. Based on the limited reports of REE effects, the review highlights the need for more detailed studies on the hormetic effects of REEs. Aquatic biota is a cheap, robust, and efficient platform to study REEs’ toxicity, mobility of REEs, and biomagnification in water bodies. REEs’ diverse effects on aquatic life forms have been observed due to the lack of safety limits and extensive use in the various sectors. In accordance with the available data, we have put in efforts to compile all the relevant research results in this paper related to the topic “toxicity effect of REEs on aquatic life”.

scholarly journals How Rare Are Rare-Earth Elements in Living Things?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío Bustillos-Cristales ◽  
Yagul Pedraza-Pérez ◽  
Luis Ernesto Fuentes-Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Living Organisms

Rare-earth elements (REEs) are a group of metallic chemical elements that share some properties and that despite their name are not too rare in the Earth’s crust. Until recently, we did not know of any REEs that were necessary for any living organism. Now we know that there are some bacteria that use REEs to perform reactions that let them consume alcohol. Humans are also interested in REEs because these elements are valuable for many technological applications. In this article, we will explain the only known participation of REEs in living organisms and explain why future research on REEs is important.

scholarly journals Some Considerations Regarding the Presence of Heavy Metals in Soil and the Human Body

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Simona Anițaș ◽  
Mirela Coman ◽  
Bogdan-Vasile Cioruța
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
The Body ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Trophic Networks ◽  
Trophic Chains ◽  
Earth's Crust

Until now, there have been laborious researches regarding the presence of heavy metals in environmental factors but their effects have been studied less in the bio-geo-chemical circuits, respectively within the local trophic chains and the regional trophic networks. Naturally, the metals existing in the earth's crust enter the bio-geo-chemical cycles. In the cells of higher organisms, as we know, there is a fragile balance between the amounts of metals needed for catalytic processes and toxic doses to organisms. However, this balance is dependent not only on the concentration and variety of metals in the Earth's crust but also on the microbiological activity of environmental factors, responsible for the transformation of these metals into complex chemical substances that affect more or less the organisms, respectively their enzymatic activity. The vital-necessary, but also the non-vital mineral substances in their mobile forms, which may at one time be toxic to organisms, are significantly pushed out by anthropic activities into trophic chains. They are present in environmental factors such as soil, air, water, reach the body of plants and the body of animals. Plants and animals can bioaccumulate and concentrate in their bodies several chemical elements in the environment, regardless of their origin, which is then easily transferred through food circuits into the human body. Thus, through local trophic chains, respectively through regional trophic networks, contamination of the human body takes place. This requires the need for a measure of most likely high complexity to mitigate the effects with a strong impact on the health status, including that of the human psychic. In severe cases of contamination, behavioral manifestations, especially among the vulnerable population, are proven.

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