Effect of a neck collar on brain turgor: a potential role in preventing concussions?

2021 ◽  
pp. bjsports-2021-103961
Author(s):  
Michael Dinsmore ◽  
Zakir Hajat ◽  
Connor TA Brenna ◽  
Joseph Fisher ◽  
Lashmi Venkatraghavan
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Cricoid Cartilage ◽  
Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After

BackgroundMild internal jugular vein (IJV) compression, aimed at increasing intracranial fluid volume to prevent motion of the brain relative to the skull, has reduced brain injury markers in athletes suffering repeated traumatic brain injuries. However, an increase in intracranial volume with IJV compression has not been well demonstrated. This study used transorbital ultrasound to identify changes in optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) as a direct marker of accompanying changes in intracranial volume.MethodsNineteen young, healthy adult volunteers (13 males and 6 females) underwent IJV compression of 20 cm H2O low in the neck, while in upright posture. IJV cross-sectional area at the level of the cricoid cartilage, and the change in right ONSD 3 mm behind the papillary segment of the optic nerve, were measured by ultrasound. Statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test with Bonferroni correction.ResultsMean (SD) cross-sectional area for the right IJV before and after IJV compression was 0.10 (0.05) cm2 and 0.57 (0.37) cm2, respectively (p=0.001). ONSD before and after IJV compression was 4.6 (0.5) mm and 4.9 (0.5) mm, respectively (p=0.001).ConclusionsThese data verify increased cerebral volume following IJV compression, supporting the potential for reduced brain ‘slosh’ as a mechanism connecting IJV compression to possibly reducing traumatic brain injury following head trauma.

scholarly journals Quantitative magnetic resonance image assessment of the optic nerve and surrounding sheath after spaceflight

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse J. Rohr ◽  
Stuart Sater ◽  
Austin M. Sass ◽  
Karina Marshall-Goebel ◽  
Robert J. Ploutz-Snyder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Quantitative Mri ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Increased Icp

Abstract A subset of long-duration spaceflight astronauts have experienced ophthalmic abnormalities, collectively termed spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). Little is understood about the pathophysiology of SANS; however, microgravity-induced alterations in intracranial pressure (ICP) due to headward fluid shifts is the primary hypothesized contributor. In particular, potential changes in optic nerve (ON) tortuosity and ON sheath (ONS) distension may indicate altered cerebrospinal fluid dynamics during weightlessness. The present longitudinal study aims to provide a quantitative analysis of ON and ONS cross-sectional areas, and ON deviation, an indication of tortuosity, before and after spaceflight. Ten astronauts undergoing ~6-month missions on the International Space Station (ISS) underwent high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) preflight and at five recovery time points extending to 1 year after return from the ISS. The mean changes in ON deviation, ON cross-sectional area, and ONS cross-sectional area immediately post flight were −0.14 mm (95% CI: −0.36 to 0.08, Bonferroni-adjusted P = 1.00), 0.13 mm2 (95% CI −0.66 to 0.91, Bonferroni-adjusted P = 1.00), and −0.22 mm2 (95% CI: −1.78 to 1.34, Bonferroni-adjusted P = 1.00), respectively, and remained consistent during the recovery period. Terrestrially, ONS distension is associated with increased ICP; therefore, these results suggest that, on average, ICP was not pathologically elevated immediately after spaceflight. However, a subject diagnosed with optic disc edema (Frisen Grade 1, right eye) displayed increased ONS area post flight, although this increase is relatively small compared to clinical populations with increased ICP. Advanced quantitative MRI-based assessment of the ON and ONS could help our understanding of SANS and the role of ICP.

Quantification of Optic Nerve Cross Sectional Area on MRI: A Novel Protocol using Fiji Software

10.3791/62752 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nosaiba Al-Ryalat ◽  
Saif Aldeen AlRyalat ◽  
Lna Malkawi ◽  
Muayad Azzam ◽  
Sana Mohsen
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

Pulmonary Vessel Cross-sectional Area before and after Liver Transplantation

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 752-759
Author(s):  
Hilary M. DuBrock ◽  
Alexander A. Bankier ◽  
Mario Silva ◽  
Diana E. Litmanovich ◽  
Michael P. Curry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pulmonary Vessel ◽  
Before And After

Infraspinatus Cross-Sectional Area and Shoulder Range of Motion Change Following Live-Game Baseball Pitching

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett S. Pexa ◽  
Eric D. Ryan ◽  
Elizabeth E. Hibberd ◽  
Elizabeth Teel ◽  
Terri Jo Rucinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Posterior Shoulder ◽  
Before And After

Context: Following a baseball pitching bout, changes can occur to glenohumeral range of motion that could be linked to injury. These effects are in part due to the posterior shoulder’s eccentric muscle activity, which can disrupt muscle contractile elements and lead to changes in muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), as measured by ultrasound. Objective: To assess changes in muscle CSA, and range of motion immediately before and after pitching, and days 1 to 5 following pitching. Design: Repeated measures. Setting: Satellite athletic training room. Patients: Ten elite college baseball pitchers participating in the fall season (age: 18.8 [1.2] y, height: 189.2 [7.3] cm, mass: 93.1 [15.3] kg, 8 starters, 2 long relievers). Intervention: A pitching bout of at least 25 pitches (63.82 [17.42] pitches). Main Outcome Measures: Dominant and nondominant infraspinatus CSA, as measured by ultrasound, and glenohumeral range of motion including internal rotation (IRROM), external rotation (ERROM), and total rotation range of motion (TROM) before pitching, after pitching, and days 1 to 5 following the pitching bout. Results: Dominant limb CSA significantly increased day 1 after pitching, and returned to baseline on day 2 (P < .001). Dominant and nondominant TROM did not change until day 5 (4.4°, P < .001) and day 3 (4.5°, P < .001), respectively, where they increased. Dominant IRROM was significantly decreased for 3 days (day 1: 1.9°, P < .001; day 2: 3.1°, P < .001; day 3: 0.3°, P < .001) following pitching and returned to baseline on day 4, with no such changes in the nondominant limb. Dominant external rotation significantly increased immediately post pitching (4.4°, P < .001) but returned to baseline by day 1. Conclusions: The results of the study demonstrate that infraspinatus CSA does not recover until 2 days following pitching, and IRROM does not recover until 4 days following pitching. Baseball pitching elicits damage to the posterior shoulder muscle architecture, resulting in changes to physical characteristics that last up to 4 days following pitching.

CT Evaluation of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter in Traumatic Brain Injury and its Correlation with Rotterdam CT Scoring

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Mahesh Gautam ◽  
Prakash Kafle ◽  
Manish Raj Pathak ◽  
Ganesh Devkota ◽  
Nawaraj Ranabhat
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter ◽  
Optic Nerve Sheath ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Nerve Sheath

Introduction: Elevated intracranial pressure is one of the fatal events associated with traumatic brain injury. Optic nerve sheath diameter measurement is an indirect way of assessing intracranial pressure. Optic nerve sheath diameter and Rotterdam score are prognosticators of traumatic brain injury. This study aimed to measure the optic nerve sheath diameter in the initial CT scan and correlate with the Rotterdam score.Methods: Retrospective analytical study comprising consecutive patients from July 2019 to December 2019 who underwent decompressive craniotomy for traumatic brain injuries were included. Optic nerve sheath diameter was measured 3mm behind the eyeball in axial images and Rotterdam CT Score was done on the same CT image in another setting. The receiver operating characteristics curve was plotted to measure the accuracy of optic nerve sheath diameter in predicting the severity of traumatic brain injury.Results: Sixty patients with a mean age of 42.5±14.6years were included. The mean optic nerve sheath diameter with Rotterdam Score of 1, 2 and 3 was 3.8±0.64mm and with Rotterdam Score of 4, 5 and 6 was 5.1±0.66mm. The area under the curve of severe Rotterdam CT Score vs optic nerve sheath diameter was 0.915 (p<0.0001, 95% CI 0.84-0.98) and spearman Rho correlation coefficient value was 0.83 suggesting positive relation.Conclusion: Higher mean optic nerve sheath diameter was observed with a severe Rotterdam CT score. Thus, optic nerve sheath diameter of initial CT scan in traumatic brain injury cases could be an important radiological tool to rule out the presence of raised intracranial pressure.

Lateral Division of the Rabbit Cricoid Cartilage: Its Effect on Cartilage Growth

1993 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilsa Schwartz ◽  
Frederick M. Silver ◽  
Charles M. Myer ◽  
Robin T. Cotton
Keyword(s):  
Cricoid Cartilage ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cartilage Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Group I ◽  
Posterior Group ◽  
Significant Difference

Laryngotracheoplasty often includes bilateral lateral division of the cricoid cartilage, despite the theoretical risk that cartilage growth centers might be located in the lateral cricoid. To investigate the effect of lateral cricoid cartilage division on subsequent cartilage growth, 60 five-week-old New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups of 15 animals each. Group I was comprised of unoperated controls. The remaining animals underwent anterior (group II), anterior and posterior (group III), and anterior, posterior, and bilateral lateral (group IV) division of the cricoid cartilage. Animals were killed 20 weeks after surgery, and the cross-sectional area of each animal's cricoid cartilage and of each animal's airway was determined. There was no statistically significant difference in mean cartilage cross-sectional area between any of the four groups; the group IV mean was larger than that of any other group, though the difference was not significant. There was no significant difference in airway cross-sectional area between any of the groups operated on. From these results, lateral cricoid division in the growing animal does not appear to interfere with subsequent normal growth of the larynx.

scholarly journals Biometry by ultrasonography of the epaxial and pelvic musculature in equines trained with Pessoa's rein

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 2045-2051
Author(s):  
Kátia de Oliveira ◽  
Ricardo Velludo Gomes de Soutello ◽  
Ricardo da Fonseca ◽  
Andréa Machado Lopes ◽  
Paulo César da Silva Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Quarter Horse ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Muscular Function

This study aimed to evaluate the use of Pessoa's rein in training equine, as a support in exercise training, on biometry by ultrasonography of the epaxial (Longíssimus Dorsi, Gluteus Medius e Musculus Multifidus) and pelvic musculature (Biceps Femoris e Semitendinosus). Thereby, eight Quarter Horse mares was used, with eight years on average age, 400kg of body weight, trained with the Pessoa's rein twice a week, for two months. Variables were measured before and after training, consisting of assessment thickness (cm) of the Longíssimus Dorsi and cross-sectional area (cm2) of muscles, Gluteus Medius, Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus and Musculus Multifidus. It observed a significant effect of training with Pessoa's rein, on the Biceps Femoris (P<0.01) and Musculus Multifidus (P<0.01), which the average cross-sectional area at the final evaluation were of 28.66cm2 and 14.29cm2, respectively. Thus it can be conclude that training with Pessoa's rein modifies muscular function, promoting hypertrophy Musculus Multifidus and Biceps Femoris of horses

Acoustic Rhinometric Assessment of the Nasal Valve

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 379-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Roithmann ◽  
Jerry Chapnik ◽  
Noe Zamel ◽  
Sergio Menna Barreto ◽  
Philip Cole
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Nasal Obstruction ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Acoustic Rhinometry ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Nasal Valve ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nasal Cavities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Valve Area

The aims of this study are to assess nasal valve cross-sectional areas in healthy noses and in patients with nasal obstruction after rhinoplasty and to evaluate the effect of an external nasal dilator on both healthy and obstructive nasal valves. Subjects consisted of (i) volunteers with no nasal symptoms, nasal cavities unremarkable to rhinoscopy and normal nasal resistance and (ii) patients referred to our clinic complaining of postrhinoplasty nasal obstruction. All subjects were tested before and after topical decongestion of the nasal mucosa and with an external nasal dilator. In 79 untreated healthy nasal cavities the nasal valve area showed two constrictions: the proximal constriction averaged 0.78 cm2 cross-section and was situated 1.18 cm from the nostril, the distal constriction averaged 0.70 cm2 cross-section at 2.86 cm from the nostril. Mucosal decongestion increased cross-sectional area of the distal constriction significantly (p < 0.0001) but not the proximal. External dilation increased cross-sectional area of both constrictions significantly (p < 0.0001). In 26 post-rhinoplasty obstructed nasal cavities, only a single constriction was detected, averaging 0.34 cm2 cross-section at 2.55 cm from the nostril and 0.4 cm2 at 2.46 cm from the nostril, before and after mucosal decongestion respectively. External dilation increased the minimum cross-sectional area to 0.64 cm2 in these nasal cavities (p < 0.0001). We conclude that the nasal valve area in patients with postrhinoplasty nasal obstruction is significantly smaller than in healthy nasal cavities as shown by acoustic rhinometry. Acoustic rhinometry objectively determines the structural and mucovascular components of the nasal valve area and external dilation is an effective therapeutical approach in the management of nasal valve obstruction.

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