INFLUENCE OF ROOT PRUNING ON HEIGHT INCREMENT AND ROOT DEVELOPMENT OF OUTPLANTED SPRUCE

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1671-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
First Year ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Root Collar ◽  
Block Experiment

Three-year-old seedlings of Picea glauca and P. abies were outplanted in a fertile silt loam soil at Ithaca, New York, in a split-plot randomized block experiment involving large- and small-size classes of stock and four root-pruning treatments: control; laterals pruned to 5 cm; all roots pruned at 10 cm measured from the root collar; and all laterals pruned flush with the tap or main root.Survival was good except in the last treatment. First- and second-year height increments within each species were unaffected by root-pruning treatments, even the most extreme. This suggests that either water stress is not aggravated by root pruning or that root pruning has compensating advantages. In the second year, height increment of P. glauca was significantly inferior to that of the first year. Height increment of P. abies was significantly greater in the second than in the first year.Root systems of 20 P. glauca were excavated in the second year. Percentage increases of total root length (of all roots 1 cm or more long) in root-pruned trees were twice those of control trees. Highest values (> 1000%) were for vigorous trees in the moderate root-pruning treatments.

Glyphosate Herbicide: An Assessment of Forestry Potential

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy F. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Second Year

Environmentally safe, yet potent in controlling herbs, grasses, and woody species, with possibilities for selective use, glyphosate (Roundup®) has great potential usefulness in forestry.In the small study reported here, twelve.01 ha plots were established in August, 1973 in dense 6-year-old shrub and hardwood post-fire regrowth near Chapleau, Ontario. In each plot, 16 rising 3 + 0 white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) were planted centrally at.9 m ×.9 m spacing. Six treatments with two replications were applied at random the next day: 1, control; 2, all woody vegetation cut off at ground level; 3, all woody vegetation cut off in central planted area of plot; 4, sprayed with 60 mL glyphosate in 1.892 L of water; 5, sprayed with double strength glyphosate; 6, sprayed with sextuple strength glyphosate. Eight trees in each plot were shielded during the spraying. Browsing affected 16% of the spruce after 2 weeks, 96% by spring. Half of each plot was replanted with eight white spruce (four of them caged against browsing) in May, 1974.The objectives were to observe the effect of glyphosate on hardwood and shrub competition, to assay this effect by white spruce outplantings, and to evaluate the resistance to glyphosate of newly planted white spruce. Glyphosate was highly effective in killing trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), and beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta Marsh.): pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L. f.) resprouted with moderate vigor. White spruce responded significantly (P.01) to first-year non-herbicide (i.e., immediate) weed control, but second-year height increment was significantly (P.001) less than that of the first year: second-year height increment in the glyphosate treatments was significantly (P.001) greater than in the non-herbicide treatments. Growth and survival were both affected by non-treatment disturbances, but shielding during spraying improved second-year survival significantly (P.001).

Effects of Partial Girdling on Growth in Lodgepole Pine with Application to Damage by the Weevil Hylobiuswarreni Wood

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Cerezke
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
First Year ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Root Collar

Leader growth and radial increment on the stem and main lateral roots during three consecutive years following partial girdling treatment were analyzed on 25- to 30-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) from a natural stand in west-central Alberta. Simulation of the larval feeding wounds of the weevil, Hylobiuswarreni Wood, consisted of the removal of a 7-mm-wide band of bark from 0% (control), 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 90% of the root-collar circumference of 58 sample trees.Partial girdling reduced leader elongation and radial increment of the leader and lateral roots. Leader height decreased with increased girdling of the root-collar during each of the three post-treatment years. Below the leader, partial girdling of the root-collar did not affect radial increment in the first year, caused an increase during the second year, and a decrease in the third year. At 2 cm above the partial girdles, radial growth above the girdled side of stems was always less than that on the nongirdled side and showed a trend of increase with increased girdling on both girdled and nongirdled sides of the stem. Radial increment was considerably reduced on lateral roots extending below girdle wounds during the three post-treatment years. Two graphs are prepared which can be used to estimate height and radial increment losses in young pine stands infested by H. warreni.

NOTEAging discrepancies of white spruce affect the interpretation of static age structure in boreal mixedwoods

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1496-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon S Peters ◽  
S Ellen Macdonald ◽  
Mark RT Dale
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
First Year ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Boreal Mixedwoods ◽  
Soil Level ◽  
Root Collar ◽  
Humus Soil ◽  
Over Time

Post-fire regeneration of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss on boreal mixedwood sites appears to be highly variable over time. Our objectives were to determine whether ground-level ring counts underestimate root collar age of understory P. glauca and whether aging errors increase with stand age. Trees were collected from one to nine stands in each of three fires occurring in mast years between 1961 and 1991. Trees were cut at ground level (humus soil level), and the belowground stumps were excavated, sectioned, and internally cross-dated with skeleton plots after identifying the root-collar location. Ground-level disks were visually cross-dated with a master chronology, which was constructed using the dendrochronology program COFECHA. Ground-level ring counts underestimated age by a mean of 2.4 years (range 0–6) and 6.4 years (range 0–13) in 20- and 38-year-old stands, respectively. Age underestimation was significantly greater at the root collar than ground level because of missing rings. Cross-dated age structures showed that apparent regeneration lags in 20- and 38-year-old stands were artifacts of ground-level ring counts and that the first year post-fire was the most important establishment year in all mast year burns. We conclude that aging errors have led to inaccurate depictions of regeneration patterns during early mixedwood stand development. Our results portray a different picture of P. glauca succession and have important implications for forest management.

Response of Early-Maturing Cabbage (Brassica oleraceavar.capitata) to Metolachlor

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Bellinder ◽  
D. Wilcox-Lee ◽  
A. Senesac ◽  
D. T. Warholic
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Prime Time ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Central New York ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Loam Soil

The effect of three rates of metolachlor on ‘Prime Time’ and ‘Tastie’, early maturing, fresh-market cabbage was evaluated in two geographically distinct regions of New York in 1986 and 1987. Metolachlor, when applied at 1.1, 1.7, and 2.2 kg ai/ha either pretransplant or 48 h after transplanting, caused no observable negative effects on either cabbage variety in either year when grown on sandy loam soils on Long Island. On a central New York silt loam soil, injury from metolachlor at 1.7 and 2.2 kg/ha applied post-transplant was negligible and transient. Metolachlor applied post-transplant caused a delay in maturity of Tastie cabbage in both years but not Prime Time; however, total yields equalled those of the weed-free controls with both varieties. Metolachlor applied pretransplant frequently caused excessive and persistent injury and often reduced cabbage yields.

scholarly journals SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF WHITE SPRUCE WILDLINGS AND COASTAL NURSERY SEEDLINGS IN THE INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

1966 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Eis
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
First Year ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Second Year

Survival and development of outplanted 2-0 and 2-1 white spruce nursery stock, transplanted 3-0 and 4-0 wildlings and 3-0 and 4-0 undisturbed wildlings are compared. Mortality was negligible in all groups. Planting check caused a 47% reduction in height increment during the first year and 15% during the second year after planting. The height increment was best related to the height growth during the previous year and total height of the planting stock. Insignificant differences were found between plants on undisturbed soil surface and those on exposed mineral soil.

Post-wildfire seedbeds and tree establishment in the southern mixedwood boreal forest

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1607-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Charron ◽  
D F Greene
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
First Year ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Mixedwood Boreal Forest

We studied the post-wildfire establishment of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in the southern mixedwood boreal forest of Saskatchewan, Canada. The major objective of the study was to determine the influence of post-wildfire seedbed types on the juvenile survivorship of trees. Through a combination of permanent plots and sowing experiments, we demonstrated that mineral soil, thin Polytrichum Hedw. moss, and humus are much more favorable than the organic fermentation (Of) and litter seedbeds. We also show that differences among seedbeds are significantly more important than differences among species. In addition, the first year of a cohort has the highest rate of mortality, about 85% on mineral and humus seedbeds and 98% on Of seedbeds; differences in age-specific survivorship between seedbeds become muted by the end of the second year, and survivorship rates approach 1 by the end of the third summer. Finally, age structures showed that germination rates of black spruce and jack pine were very low the initial summer of the fire; that there was a peak in recruitment in the first post-fire summer; and that by the fourth year the recruitment declined to nearly zero.

scholarly journals Root Pruning and Soil Type Affect Pecan Root Regeneration

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.D. McCraw ◽  
M.W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Carya Illinoensis ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Two Sides

Taproots of 2-year-old `Apache' seedling pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang)] trees were pruned to 1 ft (30 cm), 2 ft (60 cm), or 3 ft (90 cm) in combination with wounding treatments consisting of no wounding, scraping through pericycle tissue on one or two sides of the taproot, or longitudinally splitting the taproot for about half its length. The trees were planted in a Port silt loam soil and a Teller sandy loam soil and grown without irrigation. At the end of the first and second growing seasons, top growth was measured, trees were dug and root system regrowth was evaluated. Tree root weight and number of roots per tree decreased with increasing taproot length.

scholarly journals Planting Methods Affect Early Growth and Root Distribution of Muscadine Vines

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1089-1091
Author(s):  
William C. Olien ◽  
C.P. Hegwood ◽  
James M. Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
First Year ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Loam Soil

Muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) vineyards can be difficult to establish due to poor vine growth or survival during the first year after planting. Effects of the planting hole (five types), root manipulation (three levels), and peat amendment (0% and 50%) on first-year growth were studied at two sites with different soil types: a sandy loam (well-drained) and a silty loam (moderately well-drained). The planting hole had the major effect at both sites; large holes (25 liters) shoveled with straight or angled sides resulted in more shoot and root dry weight and greater total root length than auger holes (21 liters) or small shovel holes (10 liters). Vine response to planting in a subsoil slot 0.5 m deep × 6 m long was similar to that in large holes in sandy soil and small holes in heavier soil. Root manipulation treatments had little effect on vine establishment. Root pruning at planting, with or without root separation, did not increase vine dry weight relative to an undisturbed root ball in either soil type, but total root length was increased by root pruning in the heavier silty loam soil. Peat amendment increased total root length in the sandy soil but not in the silty loam soil.

An inevitable crisis? From first to second year in counsellor training

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-89
Author(s):  
Hugh Crago
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
First Year ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Counsellor Training ◽  
Student Dropout ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
And Control

In a seminal 1973 paper, Robert Clark described the very different “cultures” of the first and second year students in a four year clinical psychology PhD programme. The author applies Clark’s template to his own experiences as trainee or trainer in five different counsellor education programmes, one in the US and four in Australia. Each of the programmes, to varying degrees, demonstrates key features of the pattern identified by Clark, where the first year is “therapeutic” and other-oriented, the second is “professional” and self-focused. The author concludes that all the surveyed programmes exhibited some level of “second year crisis”, in which a significant number of students felt abandoned, dissatisfied, or rebellious. The author extends and refines Clark’s developmental analogy (first year = childhood; second year = adolescence) to reflect recent neurological research, in particular, the shift from a right hemisphere-dominant first year of life, prioritising affiliative needs, to a left hemisphere-dominant second year, prioritising autonomy and control. This shift is paralleled later by a more gradual move from a protective, supportive childhood to necessary, but sometimes conflictual, individuation in adolescence. The first two years of a counsellor training programme broadly echo this process, a process exacerbated by the second year internship/placement, in which students must “leave home” and adjust to unfamiliar, potentially less nurturing, authority figures. Finally, the author suggests introducing more rigorous “academic holding” into the first year, and greater attention to “therapeutic holding” of dissident students in the second, hopefully decreasing student dropout, and achieving a better balanced training experience.

Implementation of the Second-year course in an Engineering Professional Spine

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umar Iqbal ◽  
Deena Salem ◽  
David Strong
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Research University ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Employability Skills ◽  
First Year ◽  
Computer Engineering ◽  
Core Courses ◽  
Second Year ◽  
First Time ◽  
Academic Year

The objective of this paper is to document the experience of developing and implementing a second-year course in an engineering professional spine that was developed in a first-tier research university and relies on project-based core courses. The main objective of this spine is to develop the students’ cognitive and employability skills that will allow them to stand out from the crowd of other engineering graduates.The spine was developed and delivered for the first time in the academic year 2010-2011 for first-year general engineering students. In the year 2011-2012, those students joined different programs, and accordingly the second-year course was tailored to align with the different programs’ learning outcomes. This paper discusses the development and implementation of the course in the Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) department.

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