scholarly journals Leveraging In-Situ Resources for Lunar Base Construction

Author(s):  
Alex A Ellery

We explore the limits of in-situ resource utilisation (ISRU) on the Moon to maximise living off the land by building lunar bases from in-situ material. We adopt the philosophy of indigenous peoples who excelled in sustainability. We are interested in leveraging lunar resources to manufacture an entire lunar base that is fully sustainable and minimises supplies required from Earth. A range of metals, ceramics and volatiles can be extracted from lunar minerals to support construction of a lunar base that include structure, piping and electrical distribution system. To 3D print a lunar base, we must 3D print the load-bearing structure, electrical distribution system, water-based heating system, drinking water system, air system and orbital transport system from in-situ resources. We also address the manufacture of the interior of the lunar base from local resources. The majority of systems constituting a lunar base can be manufactured from in-situ resources.

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 5864-5869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth D. Hilborn ◽  
Terry C. Covert ◽  
Mitchell A. Yakrus ◽  
Stephanie I. Harris ◽  
Sandra F. Donnelly ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT There is evidence that drinking water may be a source of infections with pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in humans. One method by which NTM are believed to enter drinking water distribution systems is by their intracellular colonization of protozoa. Our goal was to determine whether we could detect a reduction in the prevalence of NTM recovered from an unfiltered surface drinking water system after the addition of ozonation and filtration treatment and to characterize NTM isolates by using molecular methods. We sampled water from two initially unfiltered surface drinking water treatment plants over a 29-month period. One plant received the addition of filtration and ozonation after 6 months of sampling. Sample sites included those at treatment plant effluents, distributed water, and cold water taps (point-of-use [POU] sites) in public or commercial buildings located within each distribution system. NTM were recovered from 27% of the sites. POU sites yielded the majority of NTM, with >50% recovery despite the addition of ozonation and filtration. Closely related electrophoretic groups of Mycobacterium avium were found to persist at POU sites for up to 26 months. Water collected from POU cold water outlets was persistently colonized with NTM despite the addition of ozonation and filtration to a drinking water system. This suggests that cold water POU outlets need to be considered as a potential source of chronic human exposure to NTM.


2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.K. Bagh ◽  
H.-J. Albrechtsen ◽  
E. Arvin ◽  
K. Ovesen

The biofilm formation rate was measured in situ in a hot water system in an apartment building by specially designed sampling equipment, and the net growth of the suspended bacteria was measured by incubation of water samples with the indigeneous bacteria. The biofilm formation rate reached a higher level in the hot water distribution system (2.1 d−1 to 2.3 d−1) than in the hot water tank (1.4 d−1 to 2.2 d−1) indicating an important area for surface associated growth. The net growth rate of the suspended bacteria measured in hot water from the top, middle and bottom of the hot water tank, in the sludge, or in the water from the distribution system was negligible. This indicated that bacterial growth took place on the inner surfaces in the hot water system and biofilm formation and detachment of bacteria could account for most of the suspended bacteria actually measured in hot water. Therefore, attempts to reduce the number of bacteria in a hot water system have to include the distribution system as well as the hot water tank.


2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Proulx ◽  
M.J. Rodriguez ◽  
J. Sérodes ◽  
C. Bouchard

In this research, methodology was developed to identify locations vulnerable to taste and odour problems in a distribution system. The methodology was based on a multicriteria procedure combining spatial information on consumer complaints and popular perception of tap water. The first step in the described methodology consisted of mapping complaints regarding tap water made by the population between 2002 and 2004 using a geographical information system (GIS). The second step consisted of analysing results of a questionnaire-based mail survey, also through GIS. The information generated using the above steps was integrated using a multicriteria and spatial approach allowing segregation of the distribution system into delineated zones, according to their vulnerability to occurrences of taste and odour problems. The identification of vulnerable sectors in a distribution system will help water managers to implement a better-targeted water quality monitoring programme – one that considers odours and tastes of drinking water – within the management process.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 3142-3156
Author(s):  
Darren A. Lytle ◽  
Daniel Williams ◽  
Christy Muhlen ◽  
Eugenia Riddick ◽  
Maily Pham

Although not regulated in United States drinking water, ammonia has the potential to increase chlorine consumption and cause nitrification problems in the distribution system.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1238
Author(s):  
Supanat Chamchuen ◽  
Apirat Siritaratiwat ◽  
Pradit Fuangfoo ◽  
Puripong Suthisopapan ◽  
Pirat Khunkitti

Power quality disturbance (PQD) is an important issue in electrical distribution systems that needs to be detected promptly and identified to prevent the degradation of system reliability. This work proposes a PQD classification using a novel algorithm, comprised of the artificial bee colony (ABC) and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms, called “adaptive ABC-PSO” as the feature selection algorithm. The proposed adaptive technique is applied to a combination of ABC and PSO algorithms, and then used as the feature selection algorithm. A discrete wavelet transform is used as the feature extraction method, and a probabilistic neural network is used as the classifier. We found that the highest classification accuracy (99.31%) could be achieved through nine optimally selected features out of all 72 extracted features. Moreover, the proposed PQD classification system demonstrated high performance in a noisy environment, as well as the real distribution system. When comparing the presented PQD classification system’s performance to previous studies, PQD classification accuracy using adaptive ABC-PSO as the optimal feature selection algorithm is considered to be at a high-range scale; therefore, the adaptive ABC-PSO algorithm can be used to classify the PQD in a practical electrical distribution system.


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