A review of exotic earthworm observations in the Canadian boreal forest and taiga zones

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-David Moore ◽  
Rock Ouimet ◽  
John W. Reynolds

In the last decades, concerns have emerged that boreal forests could convert from a carbon sink to a carbon source, thus accentuating climate change. Although forest fire is generally mentioned as the main factor that could cause the boreal forest to transition to a carbon source, other factors, such as exotic earthworm activity, could also play an important role. Invasive exotic earthworms can also affect nutrient cycling, biodiversity and forest dynamics. In this context, a better knowledge of the distribution of exotic earthworms can help understand the likely changes in the ecosystems that they have colonized. Here we report the results of an exhaustive literature review of the presence of exotic earthworms in the Canadian boreal forest and taiga zones. We identified 230 sectors containing 14 earthworm species (11 exotic, 2 native and 1 putative native) in 6 provinces and 3 territories across Canada’s boreal forest and taiga zone. We also report 23 as-yet unpublished observations from the province of Quebec. We note the presence of earthworms in environments (acid soils, harsh climate) that were historically considered inadequate for their survival. This suggests that the portion of Canada’s boreal forests suitable for their presence or colonization is larger than what was previously believed. This study represents the first compilation of exotic earthworm presence in this large northern area. Factors that could affect their distribution and potential effects on boreal ecosystems are also discussed. Globally, several earthworm species seem to be overcoming the previously assumed limitation by temperature and pH.

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.D. Amiro ◽  
B.J. Stocks ◽  
M.E. Alexander ◽  
M.D. Flannigan ◽  
B.M. Wotton

This paper was presented at the conference ‘Integrating spatial technologies and ecological principles for a new age in fire management’, Boise, Idaho, USA, June 1999 Fire is the dominant stand-renewing disturbance through much of the Canadian boreal forest, with large high-intensity crown fires being common. From 1 to 3 million ha have burned on average during the past 80 years, with 6 years in the past two decades experiencing more than 4 million ha burned. A large-fire database that maps forest fires greater than 200 ha in area in Canada is being developed to catalogue historical fires. However, analyses using a regional climate model suggest that a changing climate caused by increasing greenhouse gases may alter fire weather, contributing to an increased area burned in the future. Direct carbon emissions from fire (combustion) are estimated to average 27 Tg carbon year–1 for 1959–1999 in Canada. Post-fire decomposition may be of a similar magnitude, and the regenerating forest has a different carbon sink strength. Measurements indicate that there is a net carbon release (source) by the forest immediately after the fire before vegetation is re-established. Daytime downward carbon fluxes over a burned forest take 1–3 decades to recover to those of a mature forest, but the annual carbon balance has not yet been measured. There is a potential positive feedback to global climate change, with anthropogenic greenhouse gases stimulating fire activity through weather changes, with fire releasing more carbon while the regenerating forest is a smaller carbon sink. However, changes in fuel type need to be considered in this scenario since fire spreads more slowly through younger deciduous forests. Proactive fuel management is evaluated as a potential mechanism to reduce area burned. However, it is difficult to envisage that such treatments could be employed successfully at the national scale, at least over the next few decades, because of the large scale of treatments required and ecological issues related to forest fragmentation and biodiversity.


2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laia Núñez-Casillas ◽  
José Rafael García Lázaro ◽  
José Andrés Moreno-Ruiz ◽  
Manuel Arbelo

The turn of the new millennium was accompanied by a particularly diverse group of burned area datasets from different sensors in the Canadian boreal forests, brought together in a year of low global fire activity. This paper provides an assessment of spatial and temporal accuracy, by means of a fire-by-fire comparison of the following: two burned area datasets obtained from SPOT-VEGETATION (VGT) imagery, a MODIS Collection 5 burned area dataset, and three different datasets obtained from NOAA-AVHRR. Results showed that burned area data from MODIS provided accurate dates of burn but great omission error, partially caused by calibration problems. One of the VGT-derived datasets (L3JRC) represented the largest number of fire sites in spite of its great overall underestimation, whereas the GBA2000 dataset achieved the best burned area quantification, both showing delayed and very variable fire timing. Spatial accuracy was comparable between the 5 km and the 1 km AVHRR-derived datasets but was remarkably lower in the 8 km dataset leading, us to conclude that at higher spatial resolutions, temporal accuracy was lower. The probable methodological and contextual causes of these differences were analyzed in detail.


2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Römbke ◽  
S Jänsch ◽  
R Scroggins

A literature review has been performed with the aim of identifying potential soil invertebrate species, culturing techniques, and testing methodologies of relevance to Canadian boreal forest, taiga, and tundra ecozones. This was achieved through a review of European and Canadian ecological and ecotoxicological literature. The criteria for candidate species selection included habitat, frequency and abundance, origin, taxonomy, practicability, and stress tolerance. Nineteen species or genera common to both Northern Europe and Canada were identified as proposed test organisms in ecotoxicological test methodologies. Some of these species are currently in culture at various European or Canadian laboratories. Three earthworm and one collembolan species were recommended for further method development, while two more collembolan species as well as a yet to be identified Canadian species of four genera of enchytraeids, nematods, predatory mites, and carabid beetles were recommended but need further research. A number of issues with the recommended species were identified that would need resolution through focused research. Also, additional potential test species were identified based on their frequency of occurrence in boreal forests and northern lands for possible further method development consideration. Available information and current research activities on Canadian soil invertebrates relevant to the boreal forest, taiga, and tundra ecozones should be compiled using a similar classification and short-list selection process as used for this contribution to help identify additional candidate test species. The recommended species could be used as part of a test battery covering litter layer and mineral soils of Canadian boreal forests and northern lands.Key words: Carabidae, Collembola, Enchytraeidae, Gamasida, Lumbricidae, Nematoda.


2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Houle ◽  
Simon Bilodeau Gauthier ◽  
Serge Paquet ◽  
Dolors Planas ◽  
Annabelle Warren

The recent discovery that N2 fixation rates by the feather moss carpet of boreal Scandinavian forests increases with stand maturity has put into question the paradigm that N2 fixation is negligible in mature boreal forest. The N2 fixation was attributed to a previously unknown association between Nostoc sp., a N2-fixing cyanobacteium and Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt., a feather moss that is abundant worldwide in the boreal forest. Here we report for the first time that this association also exists in the Canadian boreal forest. We discovered, however, that Nostoc was found growing not only on Pleurozium but also on two other moss species ( Hylocomnium splendens (Hedw.) Br. Eur. and Ptillium crista-castrensis (Hedw.) De Not.). In addition, the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Stigonema sp. was observed on the three moss species mentioned above, indicating the existence of six different associations. At least one of the six associations was found at 9 of 13 sites that are representative of a large area of the Quebec boreal forest. These findings suggest possibilities for further research, aimed at measuring the unaccounted for N2-fixing potential of the feather moss carpet in Canadian boreal forests.


The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig S. Machtans ◽  
Paul B. Latour

Abstract Songbird communities in the boreal forest of the Liard Valley, Northwest Territories, Canada, are described after three years of study. Point count stations (n = 195) were placed in six types of forest (mature deciduous, coniferous, and mixedwood; young forests; wooded bogs; clearcuts) in a 700-km2 area. Vegetation characteristics at each station were also measured. Eighty-five species of birds (59 passerine species) occurred in 11 647 detections. Mixedwood forests had the highest richness of songbirds (∼41 species per 800 individuals) of the six forest types, and contained approximately 30% more individuals than nearly pure coniferous or deciduous forests. Species richness and relative abundance was 10–50% lower than in comparable forests farther south and east, and the difference was most pronounced in deciduous forests. Communities were dominated by a few species, especially Tennessee Warbler (Vermivora peregrina), Magnolia Warbler (Dendroica magnolia), Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata) and Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina). White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), a dominant species in boreal forests farther south, was notably scarce in all forests except clearcuts. Clearcuts and wooded bogs had the simplest communities, but had unique species assemblages. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the bird community was well correlated with vegetation structure. The primary gradient in upland forests was from deciduous to coniferous forests (also young to old, respectively). The secondary gradient was from structurally simple to complex forests. These results allow comparisons with other boreal areas to understand regional patterns and help describe the bird community for conservation purposes. Comunidades de Aves Canoras de Bosques Boreales del Valle de Liard, Territorios del Noroeste, Canadá Resumen. Luego de tres años de estudio, se describen las comunidades de aves canoras de bosques boreales del Valle de Liard, Territorios del Noroeste, Canadá. Se ubicaron estaciones de conteo de punto (n = 195) en seis tipos de bosque (maduro caducifolio, conífero y de maderas mixtas; bosques jóvenes; pantanos arbolados; zonas taladas) en un área de 700 km2. Las características de la vegetación en cada estación también fueron medidas. Se registraron 85 especies de aves (59 especies de paserinas) en 11 647 detecciones. Los bosques mixtos presentaron la mayor riqueza de aves canoras (∼41 especies por 800 individuos) de los seis tipos de bosque, y contuvieron aproximadamente 30% individuos más que los bosques de coníferas y los caducifolios. La riqueza de especies y la abundancia relativa fue 10–50% menor que en bosques comparables más al sur y al este, y la diferencia fue más pronunciada en los bosques caducifolios. Las comunidades estuvieron dominadas por unas pocas especies, especialmente Vermivora peregrina, Dendroica magnolia, Catharus ustulatus, Dendroica coronata y Spizella passerina. Zonotrichia albicollis, una especie dominante en bosques boreales más al sur, fue notablemente escasa en todos los bosques, excepto en las zonas taladas. Las áreas taladas y los pantanos arbolados tuvieron las comunidades más simples, pero presentaron ensamblajes únicos. Análisis de correspondencia canónica mostraron que la comunidad de aves estuvo bien correlacionada con la estructura de la vegetación. El gradiente primario en bosques de zonas altas fue de bosque caducifolio a conífero (también de joven a viejo, respectivamente). El gradiente secundario fue de bosques estructuralmente simples a bosques complejos. Estos resultados permiten hacer comparaciones con otros bosques boreales para entender los patrones regionales y ayudar a describir las comunidades de aves con fines de conservación.


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