Meteorological and Hydrographic Regulation of Year-Class Strength in Capelin (Mallotus villosus)

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1193-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Leggett ◽  
K. T. Frank ◽  
J. E. Carscadden
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Large Spatial Scale ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
Class Strength ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Parent Stock

Year-class strength (YCS) in eastern Newfoundland stocks of capelin (Mallotus villosus), a beach spawning osmerid, during the interval 1966–78 was strongly influenced by onshore wind frequency during the period immediately following hatching (WIND) and water temperatures experienced during the subsequent period of larval drift (TEMPSUM). The exact form of the relationship was ln YCS = 16.10 − 0.19WIND + 0.19TEMPSUM, R2 = 0.58. Wind conditions subsequent to hatching are known to influence both the timing of larval emergence from the beach spawning beds and the physical condition of larvae at emergence. Our analysis suggests that the influence of wind on early larval survival is also strong. The role of water temperatures during drift may be indirect, operating via its influence on food production. This could operate by altering mortality rates due to starvation or by altering growth rates which would influence swimming performance, predator avoidance, and time to metamorphosis. The strong influence of these abiotic variables, independent of parent stock size, adds further support to the hypothesis that abiotic factors operating at critical periods in larval development may be more important than spawning stock biomass as regulators of year-class size. Our findings also suggest that these critical periods must be identified and quantified at time scales relevant to individual larvae if reliable forecasting of year-class strength is to be achieved. On the other hand, the large spatial scale of the effects suggests that the space scale of individual larvae is of lesser importance in such analyses.

Capelin (Mallotus villosus) Spawning on the Southeast Shoal: Influence of Physical Factors Past and Present

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1743-1754 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Carscadden ◽  
K. T. Frank ◽  
D. S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Surf Zone ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Bottom Temperature ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Grand Banks ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus

Co-occurrence of beach- and offshore bottom-spawning populations of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the Northwest Atlantic appears to be unusual. To explain the evolution of bottom-spawning in the offshore spawning population on the Southeast Shoal, we examined relevant substrate, water temperature, and biological data. Published data indicate that the Southeast Shoal was not glaciated during the Wisconsin glaciation (about 20 000 yr ago) and was above sea level. As the glaciers melted, this area was a surf zone before it became inundated. This suggests that this stock was once a beach-spawning stock and supports our hypothesis that substrate is the ultimate factor affecting spawning location. Analysis of 7 yr of distribution, maturity, and bottom temperature data showed that the variation in the final spawning location was not large and spawning occurred where bottom temperatures exceeded approximately 2 °C. We conclude that bottom temperature is a proximate factor influencing the final spawning location. Physical data for other areas of the Grand Banks indicate that only the Southeast Shoal has favourable substrate, bottom temperatures and environmental factors subsequent to spawning to allow the long-term survival of a capelin population.

Patterns of larval emergence of capelin (Mallotus villosus) and environmental cues at demersal spawning sites on the northeastern coast of Newfoundland

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1135-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulette M. Penton ◽  
Gail K. Davoren
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Warm Surface Water ◽  
Larval Emergence ◽  
Wind Events ◽  
Northeastern Coast ◽  
Spawning Sites

At spawning beaches in Newfoundland, Canada, capelin ( Mallotus villosus ) larval emergence is triggered by coastal water mass replacement (CWMR). CWMR causes sharp but short increases in temperature in coastal areas by the transport of warm surface water to the coast during onshore wind events. Warm water temperatures stimulate the active emergence of capelin larvae into predator-poor and prey-rich conditions favourable for larval survival. We investigated whether wind events influenced (i) the thermal properties of the water column and (ii) the larval emergence patterns at five demersal (deep-water) spawning sites on the northeastern coast of Newfoundland during the posthatch periods in 2004–2006. Winds oriented along the shore caused frequent and sharp increases in bottom temperature at all sites but did not appear to stimulate the release of larvae into the water column. Instead, peaks in larval densities corresponded to predicted peaks in hatching. Because of this and the presence of recently hatched larvae (3–5 mm) primarily in good condition, we hypothesize that larvae simply emerged from the sediment upon hatching at these demersal spawning sites. We conclude that patterns of larval emergence at demersal sites in this region are different from those reported for the beach in other regions of Newfoundland.

Environmental Regulation of Growth Rate, Efficiency, and Swimming Performance in Larval Capelin (Mallotus villosus), and its Application to the Match/Mismatch Hypothesis

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 691-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth T. Frank ◽  
William C. Leggett
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Larval Condition

We examined the influence of in situ environmental conditions on the growth rate, growth efficiency, and swimming ability of larval capelin (Mallotus villosus). Larval growth rate and efficiency prior to first feeding were strongly influenced by temperatures in the beach-rearing environment prior to dispersal. The interacting effects of water temperature and hours of sunlight (solar heating) on this intertidal habitat were the major regulators of growth (R2 ≥ 0.96). A model based on these parameters accurately predicted growth rates of larvae in the gravel sampled in two previous years. Larval condition at the time of dispersal into the pelagic environment was a negative function of the length of time spent in the beach gravel and of temperature conditions during that period. Swimming performance at dispersal was directly related to larval condition. Our data indicate that environmental conditions during the early (preexogenous feeding) period can influence growth efficiency, size attained at first feeding and the prey capture ability of larvae independent of the yolk reserves available at hatching, and the quantity and quality of the food available at the obligatory onset of exogenous feeding.Key words: capelin, Mallotus villosus; growth rate, growth efficiency, swimming performance, larvae, intertidal zone, temperature

Feeding Ecology of Capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the Estuary and Western Gulf of St. Lawrence and its Multispecies Implications

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
J-P. Vesin ◽  
W. C. Leggett ◽  
K. W. Able
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Ecology ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Boreogadus Saida ◽  
Daily Ration ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Arctic Cod ◽  
Class Strength ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus

The feeding ecology of juvenile (< 140 mm TL) and adult (> 140 mm TL) capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the St. Lawrence River Estuary and western Gulf of St. Lawrence was studied between October 1974 and October 1975. Both juveniles and adults fed almost exclusively on zooplankton. Three prey totally dominated the diet. Copepods were numerically most abundant but euphausiids were dominant in terms of biomass. Appendicularians ranked third in both number and biomass. This differed from the diet of capelin in the Canadian Atlantic only to the extent that amphipods replace appendicularians in the diet in the Atlantic and large copepods are more abundant in the diet there. A shift in diet occurred during growth. Premetamorphic capelin (< 75 mm TL) consumed small prey exclusively: invertebrate eggs, cyclopoid copepods, and diatoms predominated. The diets of juvenile (75–139 mm TL) and adult (> 140 mm TL) capelin overlapped considerably but a pronounced shift from small copepods to adult euphausiids occurred at ~ 140 mm TL. Early morning and evening feeding peaks occurred between May and August. A single midday feeding peak prevailed in October–November. Feeding of adult capelin was active in the spring prior to spawning but virtually ceased during spawning. Juvenile capelin fed actively throughout spring and summer. The daily ration of zooplankton by capelin was estimated to be 5% of wet body weight in summer May–September and ~ 2.5% in October–November. Year-to-year variations in average daily consumption in excess of 100 000 t have occurred between 1972 and 1978 and average daily consumption has declined by up to 310 000 t during the same interval. This significant year-to-year and long-term release of zooplankton from predation by capelin may be an important regulator of changes in year-class strength in other species of the area, notably arctic cod, Boreogadus saida and short-finned squid, Illex illecebrosus.Key words: capelin, Mallotus villosus; Gulf of St. Lawrence, ecology, food habits, daily ration, estuaries, zooplankton, multispecies interactions, arctic cod, Boreogadus saida; squid, Illex illecebrosus

Wind Regulation of Emergence Times and Early Larval Survival in Capelin (Mallotus villosus)

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth T. Frank ◽  
William C. Leggett
Keyword(s):  
Physical Condition ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Good Physical Condition ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Larval Emergence

Factors regulating the emergence and survival of capelin (Mallotus villosus) larvae from their beach gravel nest sites were investigated in the spring and summer of 1978 and 1979. In both years, the pattern of larval emergence was characterized by intermittent abrupt increases in the numbers of larvae in the nearshore waters and corresponding precipitous declines in the density of preemergent larvae in the beach gravel. Both events were strongly correlated with onshore wind-induced wave action which disturbed the beach. Larval emergence patterns were unrelated to changes in tidal amplitude or day–night variation. The generality of this wind-induced larval emergence hypothesis was tested and confirmed using published data from two separate studies conducted at three different Newfoundland sites during 1927, 1929, 1930, and 1941. The density of larvae in the beach gravel was positively correlated with the length of time separating the occurrence of onshore winds. The result was a pronounced temporal clumping of larvae hatching at different times, periodic releases of large numbers of larvae into the aquatic environment, and a progressive deterioration in the physical condition of larvae emerging as beach residence time increased. The frequency of onshore winds during the hatching period was 50% greater in 1979 relative to 1978. Egg densities were similar in 1978 and 1979 but larval densities (no./m3) in the nearshore environment were 60% greater in 1979. This increase in larval density conformed to the increase in the proportion of larvae exiting the beach in good physical condition in 1979.Key words: capelin, Mallotus villosus; Newfoundland, larval emergence, larval survival, wind, population biology, beach spawning, coastal environments, year-class strength

scholarly journals Predation on early life stages is decisive for year-class strength in the Barents Sea capelin (Mallotus villosus) stock

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Gjøsæter ◽  
Elvar H. Hallfredsson ◽  
Nina Mikkelsen ◽  
Bjarte Bogstad ◽  
Torstein Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
Class Strength ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus

scholarly journals Effects of hatching time on year-class strength in Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus)

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1710-1717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åse Husebø ◽  
Erling Kåre Stenevik ◽  
Aril Slotte ◽  
Petter Fossum ◽  
Are Salthaug ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Hatching Date ◽  
Commercial Catch ◽  
The North ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
Class Strength

Abstract Husebø, Å., Stenevik, E. K., Slotte, A., Fossum, P., Salthaug, A., Vikebø, F., Aanes, S., and Folkvord, A. 2009. Effects of hatching time on year-class strength in Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1710–1717. Effects of mean hatching date, post-hatching temperature, wintering temperature of adults, spawning stock size, and percentage of recruit spawners on larval survival in Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) during the period 1987–2004 were analysed. In the final model, only hatching date proved to be significant. However, hatching date was itself negatively correlated with wintering temperature and positively correlated with the percentage of recruit spawners. This suggests indirect effects on larval survival, whereby low percentages of recruit spawners and high temperatures during gonad development lead to early spawning. Early hatching could be favourable for survival by allowing the larvae to drift away from areas where potential predators concentrate in spring, before predation pressure increases. Indirect support for this hypothesis was found in the activity of the purse-seine fishery for immature saithe (Pollachius virens) along the Norwegian coast. This fishery starts as soon as the saithe aggregate into large schools, which is presumed to reflect their feeding activity. The commercial catch data indicated that the saithe became active 2 months earlier in the area south of 67°N, than in areas to the north. Both field data and larval drift models confirmed that the majority of the early hatched larvae had passed across this border by that time of year.

scholarly journals Early life growth is affecting timing of spawning in the semelparous Barents Sea capelin (Mallotus villosus)

2021 ◽  
pp. 102614
Author(s):  
Florian Berg ◽  
Samina Shirajee ◽  
Arild Folkvord ◽  
Jane Aanestad Godiksen ◽  
Georg Skaret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Timing Of Spawning
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