Variation with Zenith Angle of the Integral Intensity of Muons near Sea Level

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 843-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Flint ◽  
R. B. Hicks ◽  
S. Standil
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Integral Intensity ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Muon Flux ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
A Current ◽  
Made In

The integral intensity of the cosmic ray muon flux (> 0.28 GeV/c) near sea level has been measured in the zenith angle range 75–90°. Very few other experimental measurements have been made in this range. The present results agree closely with the predictions of a current theoretical model except at very large zenith angles, where the measured intensities are somewhat higher than predicted.

scholarly journals Zenith Angle Dependence of Cosmic Ray Shower Development from Observations of the Time Structure of Atmospheric Cerenkov Pulses

1980 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Clay ◽  
GJ Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Time Structure ◽  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Attenuation Length ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Angle Dependence ◽  
Shower Development

The attenuation of extensive air showers has been studied using atmospheric Cerenkov techniques. Observations over a range of zenith angles are correlated and an attenuation length of 234 � 38 g cm ? 2 obtained for showers with sea-level sizes of ~ 106 ?

Investigation of the zenith angle dependence of cosmic-ray muons at sea level

Pramana ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 837-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
MEHMET BEKTASOGLU ◽  
HALIL ARSLAN
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Angle Dependence

scholarly journals A Comparison of Muon Flux Models at Sea Level for Muon Imaging and Low Background Experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Su ◽  
Yuanyuan Liu ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Bin Wu ◽  
Jianping Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Flux Distribution ◽  
Monte Carlo Model ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Muon Flux ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Low Background

Cosmic-ray muons are a type of natural radiation with high energy and a strong penetration ability. The flux distribution of such particles at sea level is a key problem in many areas, especially in the field of muon imaging and low background experiments. This paper summarizes the existing models to describe sea-level muon flux distributions. According to different means used, four parametric analytical models and one Monte Carlo model, which is referred to as CRY, are selected as typical sea-level muon flux distribution models. Then, the theoretical values of sea-level muon fluxes given by these models are compared with the experimental sea-level muon differential flux data with kinetic energy values in the range of 1–1,000 GeV in the directions of zenith angles 0° and 75°. The goodness of fit of these models to the experimental data was quantitatively calculated by Pearson’s chi-square test. The results of the comparison show that the commonly used Gaisser model overestimates the muon flux in the low-energy region, while the muon flux given by the Monte Carlo model CRY at the large zenith angle of 75° is significantly lower than that of the experimental data. The muon flux distribution given by the other three parametric analytical models is consistent with the experimental data. The results indicate that the original Gaisser model is invalid in the low energy range, and CRY apparently deviates at large zenith angles. These two models can be substituted with the muon flux models given by Gaisser/Tang, Bugaev/Reyna, and Smith and Duller/Chatzidakis according to actual experimental conditions.

I. Cosmic-ray latitude survey in North America in summer, 1965

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (19) ◽  
pp. 2037-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Carmichael ◽  
M. Bercovitch ◽  
J. F. Steljes ◽  
M. Magidin
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Temperature Structure ◽  
Instrumental Effects ◽  
Secular Variations ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Made In

A 3-NM-64 neutron monitor and a 2-MT-64 muon monitor were operated overland at 44 sites near sea level and on mountains in Canada, the USA, and Mexico in April, May, and June, 1965, when the intensity of cosmic radiation attained its 11-year maximum. The equipment is briefly described and the original results of the measurements are listed. Some necessary corrections for instrumental effects are discussed. The corrections made to eliminate the secular variations of the cosmic radiation and the dependence upon temperature structure of the atmosphere are given in detail. This paper is the first of a set of five dealing with latitude surveys made in 1965 and 1966. Reduction of the observations to a common pressure level is carried out in the final paper of the set.

II. Cosmic-ray latitude survey in Canada in December, 1965

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (19) ◽  
pp. 2051-2055 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Carmichael ◽  
M. Bercovitch
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Neutron Monitor ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Counting Rate ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Southern Boundary ◽  
Summer Survey ◽  
Made In

This, the second paper of a set of five, describes a small latitude survey, made in Canada in December, 1965, while the intensity of cosmic radiation was still within one per cent of its IQSY maximum. Flat sites at airports were used in the hope of eliminating environmental effects noted in the 1965 summer survey and particular care was taken to verify the barometric data. The objective was to improve upon the summer measurements as regards the boundary of the high-latitude plateau of the neutron-monitor intensity and it is believed that an intrinsic accuracy within 0.1% was achieved, but it was found that the NM-64 neutron-monitor counting rate was decreased about 0.5% by the presence of snow on the ground. The intensity near sea level appeared to be constant to the southern boundary of the survey at Windsor Airport (1.56 GV). The two most southerly sites, Windsor and Toronto (1.33 GV), were snow-free.

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