HYDROGEN EXCHANGE BETWEEN CELLULOSE AND WATER: I. MEASUREMENT OF ACCESSIBILITY

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1934-1943 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Sepall ◽  
S. G. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Heavy Water ◽  
Hydrogen Exchange ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Amorphous Fraction ◽  
Good Agreement

Estimates of the extent of the hydrogen exchange reaction between cellulose and water vapor determined by an improved method using tritiated water and by the use of heavy water were usually in good agreement. With certain samples, surface roughness had a small effect upon the measurement of tritium radioactivity in cellulose.The accessibility or limiting extent of the exchange increased slightly with relative humidity in the range 20 to 100% and was attributed to the reduction of crystalline order reported recently in similar experiments.In contrast to cellulose whose accessibility corresponds approximately to the amorphous fraction, a partially crystalline amylose was 100% accessible while an amorphous xylan was 52% accessible, indicating that in these substances the accessibility and the fraction of amorphous material are not identical.

Uptake of Heavy Water and Loss by Tangerine in the Heavy Water Vapor Release Experiment in a Greenhouse as a Substitute for Tritiated Water

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 775-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Ichmasa ◽  
E. Sasajima ◽  
H. Makihara ◽  
H. Tauchi ◽  
T. Uda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Heavy Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Release Experiment

scholarly journals Mass-based hygroscopicity parameter interaction model and measurement of atmospheric aerosol water uptake

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 30877-30918
Author(s):  
E. Mikhailov ◽  
V. Merkulov ◽  
S. Vlasenko ◽  
D. Rose ◽  
U. Pöschl
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosol ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Interaction Parameters ◽  
Vapor Supersaturation ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. In this study we derive and apply a mass-based hygroscopicity parameter interaction model for efficient description of concentration-dependent water uptake by atmospheric aerosol particles. The model approach builds on the single hygroscopicity parameter model of Petters and Kreidenweis (2007). We introduce an observable mass-based hygroscopicity parameter κm, which can be deconvoluted into a dilute intrinsic hygroscopicity parameter (κm,∞) and additional self- and cross-interaction parameters describing non-ideal solution behavior and concentration dependencies of single- and multi-component systems. For sodium chloride, the κm-interaction model (KIM) captures the observed concentration and humidity dependence of the hygroscopicity parameter and is in good agreement with an accurate reference model based on the Pitzer ion-interaction approach (Aerosol Inorganic Model, AIM). For atmospheric aerosol samples collected from boreal rural air and from pristine tropical rainforest air (secondary organic aerosol) we present first mass-based measurements of water uptake over a wide range of relative humidity (1–99%) obtained with a new filter-based differential hygroscopicity analyzer (FDHA) technique. By application of KIM to the measurement data we can distinguish three different regimes of hygroscopicity in the investigated aerosol samples: (I) A quasi-eutonic regime at low relative humidity (~60% RH) where the solutes co-exist in an aqueous and non-aqueous phase; (II) a gradually deliquescent regime at intermediate humidity (~60%–90% RH) where different solutes undergo gradual dissolution in the aqueous phase; and (III) a dilute regime at high humidity (≳90% RH) where the solutes are fully dissolved approaching their dilute intrinsic hygroscopicity. The characteristic features of the three hygroscopicity regimes are similar for both samples, while the RH threshold values vary as expected for samples of different chemical composition. In each regime, the concentration dependence of κm can be described by a simple KIM model equation based on observable mass growth factors and six fit parameters summarizing the combined effects of the dilute intrinsic hygroscopicity and interaction parameters of all involved chemical components. One of the fit parameters represents κm,∞ and can be used to predict CCN activation diameters as a function of water vapor supersaturation. For sodium chloride reference particles as well as for pristine rainforest aerosols consisting mostly of secondary organic matter, we obtained good agreement between the predicted and measured critical diameters of CCN activation. The application of KIM and mass-based measurement techniques shall help to bridge gaps in the current understanding of water uptake by atmospheric aerosols: (1) the gap between hygroscopicity parameters determined by HTDMA (hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer) or FDHA measurements under sub-saturated conditions and by CCN measurements at water vapor supersaturation, and (2) the gap between the results of simplified single parameter models widely used in atmospheric or climate science and the results of complex multi-parameter ion- and molecule-interaction models frequently used in physical chemistry and thermodynamics (AIM, E-AIM, UNIFAC, AIOMFAC etc.).

Organically Bound Deuterium in Rice and Soybean After Exposure to Heavy Water Vapor as a Substitute for Tritiated Water

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (3P2) ◽  
pp. 393-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiko Ichimasa ◽  
Caiyun Weng ◽  
Tetsuki Ara ◽  
Yusuke Ichimasa
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Heavy Water ◽  
Tritiated Water

Experimental investigation and modelling of light scattering in a-Si:H solar cells deposited on glass/ZnO:Al substrates

2002 ◽  
Vol 715 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Krc ◽  
M. Zeman ◽  
O. Kluth ◽  
F. Smole ◽  
M. Topic
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Light Scattering ◽  
Optical Model ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Interface Roughness ◽  
Scattering Parameters ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractThe descriptive scattering parameters, haze and angular distribution functions of textured ZnO:Al transparent conductive oxides with different surface roughness are measured. An approach to determine the scattering parameters of all internal interfaces in p-i-n a-Si:H solar cells deposited on the glass/ZnO:Al substrates is presented. Using the determined scattering parameters as the input parameters of the optical model, a good agreement between the measured and simulated quantum efficiencies of the p-i-n a-Si:H solar cells with different interface roughness is achieved.

scholarly journals HGPT2: An ERA5-Based Global Model to Estimate Relative Humidity

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2179
Author(s):  
Pedro Mateus ◽  
Virgílio B. Mendes ◽  
Sandra M. Plecha
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Precipitable Water Vapor ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
International Gnss Service ◽  
Weighted Mean Temperature

The neutral atmospheric delay is one of the major error sources in Space Geodesy techniques such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), and its modeling for high accuracy applications can be challenging. Improving the modeling of the atmospheric delays (hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic) also leads to a more accurate and precise precipitable water vapor estimation (PWV), mostly in real-time applications, where models play an important role, since numerical weather prediction models cannot be used for real-time processing or forecasting. This study developed an improved version of the Hourly Global Pressure and Temperature (HGPT) model, the HGPT2. It is based on 20 years of ERA5 reanalysis data at full spatial (0.25° × 0.25°) and temporal resolution (1-h). Apart from surface air temperature, surface pressure, zenith hydrostatic delay, and weighted mean temperature, the updated model also provides information regarding the relative humidity, zenith non-hydrostatic delay, and precipitable water vapor. The HGPT2 is based on the time-segmentation concept and uses the annual, semi-annual, and quarterly periodicities to calculate the relative humidity anywhere on the Earth’s surface. Data from 282 moisture sensors located close to GNSS stations during 1 year (2020) were used to assess the model coefficients. The HGPT2 meteorological parameters were used to process 35 GNSS sites belonging to the International GNSS Service (IGS) using the GAMIT/GLOBK software package. Results show a decreased root-mean-square error (RMSE) and bias values relative to the most used zenith delay models, with a significant impact on the height component. The HGPT2 was developed to be applied in the most diverse areas that can significantly benefit from an ERA5 full-resolution model.

Study on Surface Roughness Muring Metal Manufacturing Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 325 ◽  
pp. 731-736
Author(s):  
Zheng Yi Jiang ◽  
Shu Jun Wang ◽  
Dong Bin Wei ◽  
Hei Jie Li ◽  
Hai Bo Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Crack Nucleation ◽  
Metal Plate ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Strip Rolling ◽  
Surface Asperity ◽  
Asperity Flattening ◽  
Cold Strip Rolling ◽  
Effect Of Surface ◽  
Good Agreement

In the paper, a crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) model was developed based on ABAQUS to analyse the surface roughness transfer during metal manufacturing. The simulation result shows a good agreement with the experimental result in the flattening of surface asperity, and the surface roughness decreases significantly with an increase of reduction with considering friction effect. Lubrication can delay surface asperity flattening. The effect of surface roughness on produced metal defect (crack) was also studied, and the surface roughness affects the crack initiation significantly in cold strip rolling. In addition, the surface roughness variation along the metal plate width contributes to stress distribution and then inhibition of crack nucleation.

scholarly journals Deuterium excess in marine water vapor: Dependency on relative humidity and surface wind speed during evaporation

2014 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 584-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Benetti ◽  
Gilles Reverdin ◽  
Catherine Pierre ◽  
Liliane Merlivat ◽  
Camille Risi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Surface Wind Speed ◽  
Marine Water ◽  
Deuterium Excess

Influence of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Perm-Selectivity of PET Packaging Film

2011 ◽  
Vol 295-297 ◽  
pp. 1206-1210
Author(s):  
Yan Feng Guo ◽  
Xian Ping Ma ◽  
Yu Yan ◽  
Yun Gang Fu
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Thermodynamic Temperature ◽  
Packaging Film ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Pet Film ◽  
Pet Films ◽  
Temperature Water

The main feature of this article is the investigation on the influence of temperature, relative humidity, film thickness on permeability of PET packaging film, the analysis of perm-selectivity of the packaging films for oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas, and the evaluation on experimental formulas of water vapor, O2 and CO2 gas permeating rates on the basis of gas molecular osmotic reaction kinetics and regression analysis. The comparison between experimental studies and calculation indicates that: (1) with increment of ambient temperature water vapor, O2 and CO2 permeating rate of PET films and PET/Al film also rise, and the logarithm of water vapor, O2 and CO2 gas permeating rates has linear relation with the reciprocal of thermodynamic temperature, and (2) the influence of relative humidity on water vapor permeating rate of PET film with thickness 12µm is the least, and that of PET film with thickness 20µm and PET/Al film with thickness 18µm is a little obvious. (3) The PET films hold remarkable perm-selectivity for O2 and CO2 gas, and CO2 gas permeating rate is about two times of O2 gas, yet O2 and CO2 gas permeating rates of PET/Al film are both very low and have small difference, so the PET/Al film has better barrier performance than the PET film.

Study on Kinetics of Reaction between ZrNi5 and Water Vapor

2012 ◽  
Vol 581-582 ◽  
pp. 694-697
Author(s):  
Yong Yao ◽  
De Li Luo ◽  
Zhi Yong Huang ◽  
Jiang Feng Song
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Arrhenius Equation ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Chemical Reaction ◽  
First Order Chemical Reaction ◽  
Kinetics Of Reaction ◽  
Reaction Activation Energy ◽  
Kinetics Of

In order to evaluate the feasibility of tritium recovery from tritiated water by thermochemical decomposition using ZrNi5, the kinetics of reaction between ZrNi5 and water vapor was studied by thermogravimetric method in the temperature range from 673K to 823K. The result shows that reaction rate increased significantly with the increasing of temperature and H2O concentration; the reaction mechanism for ZrNi5 can be described by the first-order chemical reaction, and the reaction is first order for H2O concentration. The reaction activation energy of ZrNi5 is 55.8kJ/mol calculated from the Arrhenius equation.

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