Perspectives on the central nervous system toxicity of methylmercury

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1037-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Racz ◽  
Laurie J. S. Vandewater
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
Central Nervous System Toxicity ◽  
Central Nervous System Damage ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Cell Types

Methylmercury is a widespread and highly toxic environmental pollutant. The source of the substance in the environment is industrial and agricultural use. Chronic methylmercury poisoning is characterized by peripheral and central nervous system damage. The rate of absorption and distribution of this organomercurial into neural tissue determines the rate of development and the severity of the neural lesion. Furthermore, the rate of metabolism and excretion of an organomercurial will greatly influence its neural toxicity. There are differences in the accumulation of methylmercury in different regions of the brain, as well as by the different cell types in these regions. The significance of this variable accumulation of methylmercury is not known. Methylmercury influences a large number of neurocellular functions ranging from inhibition of membrane integrity to alteration in the synthesis and release of transmitter substances.

Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology

2021 ◽  
pp. 725-852
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Inhibitory Synapses ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Emotion Memory ◽  
Different Cell Types

‘Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology’ covers the anatomy and organization of the central nervous system, including the skull and cervical vertebrae, the meninges, the blood and lymphatic vessels, muscles and nerves of the head and neck, and the structures of the eye, ear, and central nervous system. At a cellular level, the different cell types and the mechanism of transmission across synapses are considered, including excitatory and inhibitory synapses. This is followed by a review of the major control and sensory systems (including movement, information processing, locomotion, reflexes, and the main five senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell). The integration of these processes into higher functions (such as sleep, consciousness and coma, emotion, memory, and ageing) is discussed, along with the causes and treatments of disorders of diseases such as depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, addiction, and degenerative diseases.

Mucopolysaccharidosis in Adults

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian J. Hendriksz ◽  
Francois Karstens
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
System P ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Cell Types

There are 8 different types of diseases of the mucopolysaccharides, each caused by a deficiency in one of 10 different enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Partially degraded GAGs accumulate within the lysosomes of many different cell types and lead to clinical symptoms and excretion of large amounts of GAGs in the urine. Heritability is autosomal recessive except for MPS type II, which is X-linked. The disorders are chronic and progressive and, although the specific types all have their individual features, they share an abundance of clinical similarities. All involve the musculoskeletal, the cardiovascular, the pulmonary and the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress: Focus on the Central Nervous System

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacopo J. V. Branca ◽  
Claudia Fiorillo ◽  
Donatello Carrino ◽  
Ferdinando Paternostro ◽  
Niccolò Taddei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
Glutathione Depletion ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cd Exposure ◽  
Cell Membrane Surface

Cadmium (Cd), a category I human carcinogen, is a well-known widespread environmental pollutant. Chronic Cd exposure affects different organs and tissues, such as the central nervous system (CNS), and its deleterious effects can be linked to indirect reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Since Cd is predominantly present in +2 oxidation state, it can interplay with a plethora of channels and transporters in the cell membrane surface in order to enter the cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production, glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation are reviewed in order to better characterize the Cd-elicited molecular pathways. Furthermore, Cd effects on different CNS cell types have been highlighted to better elucidate its role in neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, Cd can increase blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and promotes Cd entry that, in turn, stimulates pericytes in maintaining the BBB open. Once inside the CNS, Cd acts on glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes) triggering a pro-inflammatory cascade that accounts for the Cd deleterious effects and neurons inducing the destruction of synaptic branches.

scholarly journals Tumors of the Central Nervous System: An Update

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2507
Author(s):  
Carla Mucignat-Caretta
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
The Brain

The brain may be affected by a variety of tumors of different grade, which originate from different cell types at distinct locations, thus impacting on the brain structure and function [...]

scholarly journals Pharmacogenetics of the Central Nervous System—Toxicity and Relapse Affecting the CNS in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2333
Author(s):  
Judit C. Sági ◽  
András Gézsi ◽  
Bálint Egyed ◽  
Zsuzsanna Jakab ◽  
Noémi Benedek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Toxic Encephalopathy ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Central Nervous System Toxicity ◽  
Cns Relapse ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Despite improving cure rates in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), therapeutic side effects and relapse are ongoing challenges. These can also affect the central nervous system (CNS). Our aim was to identify germline gene polymorphisms that influence the risk of CNS events. Sixty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 20 genes were genotyped in a Hungarian non-matched ALL cohort of 36 cases with chemotherapy related acute toxic encephalopathy (ATE) and 544 controls. Five significant SNPs were further analyzed in an extended Austrian-Czech-NOPHO cohort (n = 107 cases, n = 211 controls) but none of the associations could be validated. Overall populations including all nations’ matched cohorts for ATE (n = 426) with seizure subgroup (n = 133) and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES, n = 251) were analyzed, as well. We found that patients with ABCB1 rs1045642, rs1128503 or rs2032582 TT genotypes were more prone to have seizures but those with rs1045642 TT developed PRES less frequently. The same SNPs were also examined in relation to ALL relapse on a case-control matched cohort of 320 patients from all groups. Those with rs1128503 CC or rs2032582 GG genotypes showed higher incidence of CNS relapse. Our results suggest that blood-brain-barrier drug transporter gene-polymorphisms might have an inverse association with seizures and CNS relapse.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Neuropathologic Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mar Pacheco-Herrero ◽  
Luis O. Soto-Rojas ◽  
Charles R. Harrington ◽  
Yazmin M. Flores-Martinez ◽  
Marcos M. Villegas-Rojas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The current pandemic caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a public health emergency. To date, March 1, 2021, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused about 114 million accumulated cases and 2.53 million deaths worldwide. Previous pieces of evidence suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may affect the central nervous system (CNS) and cause neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients. It is also known that angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), the primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, is expressed in different brain areas and cell types. Thus, it is hypothesized that infection by this virus could generate or exacerbate neuropathological alterations. However, the molecular mechanisms that link COVID-19 disease and nerve damage are unclear. In this review, we describe the routes of SARS-CoV-2 invasion into the central nervous system. We also analyze the neuropathologic mechanisms underlying this viral infection, and their potential relationship with the neurological manifestations described in patients with COVID-19, and the appearance or exacerbation of some neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals The central nervous system is a target of acute graft versus host disease in mice

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 121 (10) ◽  
pp. 1906-1910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Hartrampf ◽  
Jarrod A. Dudakov ◽  
Linda K. Johnson ◽  
Odette M. Smith ◽  
Jennifer Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Central Nervous System Damage ◽  
Graft Versus Host ◽  
Alloreactive T Cells ◽  
Key Points ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Anxiety Behavior ◽  
Direct Target ◽  
Acute Graft

Key Points The central nervous system can be a direct target of alloreactive T cells during GVHD. Central nervous system damage in mouse models of GVHD lead to deficits in learning and increased anxiety behavior.

Acute reversible toxic encephalopathy during capecitabine and oxaliplatin treatment

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 497-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Godinho ◽  
Mafalda Casa-Nova ◽  
Teresa Mesquita ◽  
Maria João Baptista ◽  
Francisco Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Toxic Encephalopathy ◽  
Central Nervous System Toxicity ◽  
Cerebellar Dysfunction ◽  
Oxaliplatin Treatment ◽  
Tumor Involvement ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Introduction Capecitabine is a fluoropyrimidine commonly used in the treatment of colorectal cancer which may cause central nervous system toxicity, namely cerebellar dysfunction. Case report We describe a 77-year-old man undergoing adjuvant treatment of colon cancer with capecitabine and oxaliplatin who presented with acute cerebellar ataxia and encephalopathy that progressed to coma. Diagnosis of toxic encephalopathy was made after the exclusion of alternative causes of neurological dysfunction and complete resolution of clinical findings with permanent discontinuation of chemotherapy. Discussion When patients with cancer develop symptoms and signs of central nervous dysfunction, metabolic and infectious causes plus tumor involvement of central nervous system must be sought. However, chemotherapy may also cause toxicity to the central nervous system. Capecitabine is no exception, although cerebellar dysfunction is rarely reported. Conclusion Although rare, capecitabine-induced encephalopathy may be severe and physicians should be aware of this possible side effect.

Design, fabrication, and testing of a bioprinted nerve graft

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Christopher M. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Graft ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Central Nervous System Damage ◽  
In Vivo Animal Model ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Injuries to nerves vary in their consequences, from weakened sensation and motor function to partial or complete paralysis. In the latter case, affecting about twenty thousand Americans yearly, the injury is debilitating and results in a significant decrease in quality of life. Currently there is no effective treatment for damage to the central nervous system, in particular the spinal cord. Compared to the injuries to the central nervous system, damage in the peripheral nerves, is more common, with about sixty thousand occurrences annually. The cost of associated surgical procedures and due to loss of function is in the billions. In this thesis we present work towards the construction and testing of a fully cellular, patented nerve graft, one amongst the first of its kind. For the fabrication of the graft we are the first to employ bioprinting (either implemented through a special purpose 3D bioprinter or manually), a novel tissue engineering method rapidly gaining acceptance and utility. We first review the status of bioprinting. We then detail the fabrication process. Next we report on the testing of the graft in an in vivo animal model through electrophysiology and histology. This is followed by the introduction of a novel in vitro model, aimed at providing a fast, inexpensive and reliable method to test engineered nerve grafts. We describe our work on the optimization of the in vitro assay and then the testing of the graft using the optimized assay. We conclude with a summary of our accomplishments and make suggestions for some exciting future applications of our approach.

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