A new feeding technique for experimental and routine culturing of the insect Rhodnius prolixus

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 2244-2247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin Huebner ◽  
Rene Harrison ◽  
Karen Yeow
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Artificial Membrane ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
Rabbit Blood ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Feeding Technique ◽  
Heat Sealing ◽  
Membrane Envelope

We report a method for artificially feeding the reduviid insect Rhodnius prolixus that utilizes heparinized rabbit blood enclosed in an artificial-membrane envelope. Envelopes of Parafilm M® or Nescofilm® are made by heat sealing two pieces, one of which is stretched first, on three sides. Blood is then put into the envelope, the air expelled, and the fourth side sealed with a bag sealer. The blood-filled envelopes are then placed on a standard slide warmer set at 37 °C and insects in jars with wire-mesh tops are allowed to feed. Normal gorging and subsequent molting of instars were attained. Adult females show normal fecundity (the E value was 0.19 for mated females) and egg hatchability was also normal. The method is simple, cost effective, and easy to implement. It is especially suited for experimental feedings.

Can fisheries yield be enhanced by large-scale feeding of a predatory fish stock? A case study of the Icelandic cod stock

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 2091-2104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Björnsson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Prey Abundance ◽  
Predatory Fish ◽  
Fish Stock ◽  
Feeding Technique ◽  
Predator Abundance ◽  
The Cost

The concept of large-scale feeding of a predatory fish stock by natural prey species is introduced and evaluated for the Icelandic cod (Gadus morhua L.) stock. The paper addresses the question of whether fisheries yield can be enhanced by relocating food supply in an ecosystem from areas of surplus prey abundance to areas where predator abundance is high and prey abundance low. The benefits of large-scale feeding may be threefold. First, it may increase the growth rate and yield of a predatory fish stock. Second, it may reduce predation on valuable species. Third, it may lower the cost of fishing. For large-scale feeding to be economically feasible it is necessary to have access to large quantities of inexpensive and high-quality feed. In Iceland about 1 000 000 t of capelin, herring, and blue whiting are landed annually for fishmeal production, their price being less than 10% of that of cod. For much of the year these stocks are outside the distributional area of the Icelandic cod stock. The most cost-effective feeding technique must involve purse seiners and pelagic trawlers transporting their catch directly to the feeding locations. Different feeding scenarios, harvesting techniques, and ecological consequences are considered for the Icelandic cod stock.

Nesting parameters in a high density, declining population of blue grouse

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1736-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred. C. Zwickel ◽  
Richard A. Lewis ◽  
Donald T. McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Nesting Success ◽  
Moderate Density ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
General Region ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Dendragapus Obscurus ◽  
Very High ◽  
Egg Fertility

Of four nesting parameters (clutch size, egg fertility, egg hatchability, and nesting success) in a population of blue grouse, Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus, at Hardwicke Island, British Columbia, only clutch size differed between yearling and adult females. There was no difference among years for any of the parameters considered. This population declined from very high to moderate density during the studies reported here, and clutch size, egg fertility, and hatchability were significantly lower than reported for a more stable population (Comox Burn) in the same general region. Nesting success at Hardwicke Island, however, was higher than at Comox Burn. Collectively, the parameters examined do not, by themselves, explain the observed decline. Nevertheless, they suggest that the population at Hardwicke Island differed from that at Comox Burn in some fundamental aspects of reproduction that may be symptomatic of other factors possibly involved in its decline, e.g., the survival of chicks.

THE USE OF A NON-NUTRITIVE DIET AND URIC ACID MEASUREMENTS TO DETERMINE FOOD RESERVES IN RHODNIUS PROLIXUS STÅHL (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE)

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Barrett ◽  
W. G. Friend
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Uric Acid Concentration ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rabbit Blood ◽  
Food Reserves

Fifth-instar nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus were fed on an artificial diet consisting of 6 g of dextran (mol. wt. 60,000–90,000) and 0.1 g ATP in sufficient 0.15 M NaCl to give 100 ml. This diet causes a dilution of the haemolymph which leads to a decrease in the uric acid concentration, from the unfed level of 12.2 mg/100 ml to 7.3 mg/100 ml on the first day, and 5.2 mg/100 ml on the second day after feeding. The total amount of uric acid in the haemolymph remains constant over this period but increases by almost 80% on the third day. In contrast, the concentration and the total amount of uric acid in unfed insects remain constant over all 3 days. The digestive activation observed in insects fed on rabbit blood also occurs in insects fed the artificial diet, although it is delayed for 1 or 2 days in the latter. It has been shown that the "gut residue" in R. prolixus has a nutritive value and that this residue is utilized by the insect during periods of starvation.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Blood Sources and Artificial Blood Feeding Methods in Rearing of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) for Sterile Insect Technique and Incompatible Insect Technique Approaches in Sri Lanka

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayana Gunathilaka ◽  
Tharaka Ranathunge ◽  
Lahiru Udayanga ◽  
Wimaladharma Abeyewickreme
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Metal Plate ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Artificial Membrane ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Membrane Feeding ◽  
Feeding Technique ◽  
One Way Anova

Introduction. Selection of the artificial membrane feeding technique and blood meal source has been recognized as key considerations in mass rearing of vectors. Methodology. Artificial membrane feeding techniques, namely, glass plate, metal plate, and Hemotek membrane feeding method, and three blood sources (human, cattle, and chicken) were evaluated based on feeding rates, fecundity, and hatching rates of Aedes aegypti. Significance in the variations among blood feeding was investigated by one-way ANOVA, cluster analysis of variance (ANOSIM), and principal coordinates (PCO) analysis. Results. Feeding rates of Ae. aegypti significantly differed among the membrane feeding techniques as suggested by one-way ANOVA (p<0.05). The metal plate method was identified as the most efficient and cost-effective feeding technique. Blood feeding rate of Ae. aegypti was higher with human blood followed by cattle and chicken blood, respectively. However, no significant difference was observed from the mosquitoes fed with cattle and human blood, in terms of fecundity, oviposition rate, and fertility as suggested by one-way ANOVA (p>0.05). Conclusions. Metal plate method could be recommended as the most effective membrane feeding technique for mass rearing of Ae. aegypti, due to its high feeding rate and cost effectiveness. Cattle blood could be recommended for mass rearing Ae. aegypti.

POTENTIAL CONTROL OF ECTOPARASITES OF VERTEBRATES BY SYSTEMIC TREATMENT OF BLOOD WITH MIXTURES CONTAINING ANTIBIOTICS

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (7) ◽  
pp. 757-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Musgrave ◽  
E. B. French
Keyword(s):  
High Mortality ◽  
Systemic Treatment ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Artificial Membrane ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Mammalian Blood

AbstractHigh mortality occurred in the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus Ståhl after feeding through an artificial membrane on defibrinated mammalian blood containing injectable antibiotic mixtures.

scholarly journals Effects of storage duration and bulb sizes on physiological losses of Agrifound light red onion bulbs (Allium cepa L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-97
Author(s):  
M.S. Abubakar ◽  
J.N. Maduako ◽  
M. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Onion Bulb ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Standard Size ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Onion Bulbs

Abstract. The effect of storage duration and bulb sizes on physiological losses of the Agrifound light red onion bulbs stored in an Improved Naturally Ventilated Storage Structure-INVSS (constructed using locally available materials like; sand, cement, wood, corn stalks, wire mesh and grasses) under room condition was studied in 2012. Dry and wet bulb thermometers were installed to measure ambient temperature and relative humidity. Wind velocity was measurement by hand held Anemometer. The onion bulb samples were sorted and graded into three standard size categories (small: <50mm; medium: 50-70mm and jumbo: >70mm in diameter) and kept in the INVSS at the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Research Farm of Modibbo Adama University of Technology (MAUTECH), Yola. The samples were monitored and data taken on a daily basis for a period of twenty (20) weeks. The data were analyzed with ANOVA in CRD and the means were separated using LSD at p<0.05. The results indicated that storage duration had significant effects (p≤0.05) on weight, rot and sprout losses. Jumbo size onion bulbs had the highest Storage Weight Loss (SWL) by a mean of 5.1%, followed by medium and small size onion bulbs with means of 4.8% and 4.2%, respectively. Storage Sprout Losses (SSL) studied in the three of onion bulb sizes showed higher SSL among the small size Agrifound light red variety than the medium size onion bulbs with respective mean values of 5.0% and 3.8%, while the least value of SSL (2.6%) was observed in Jumbo size onion bulbs. Similar comparison was also made in terms of Storage Rot Losses (SRL) and it showed that relatively higher SRL among the Jumbo size onions (3.3%), followed by medium sizes (3.1%) while the least was observed from the small sizes (2.3%). The findings recommend that the INVSS should be used to store Jumbo and small size onion bulbs for at least 5 months to achieve minimum storage losses. Though, it is not cost effective to store medium size onion bulbs in the INVSS for more than 4 months.

COMPARISON OF ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANE WITH LIVE HOST BLOODFEEDING OF AEDES AEGYPTI (L.) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)1,2

1989 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bobbie L. Bunner ◽  
Roy L. Scott ◽  
Stephan E. Dobson ◽  
Leroy M. Anderson ◽  
Lewis R. Boobar
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Artificial Membrane ◽  
Dry Ice ◽  
Rabbit Blood ◽  
Horse Blood ◽  
The Mean

Bloodfeeding, egg production and eclosion of Aedes aegypti (L.) fed citrated horse, sheep, or rabbit blood through a Parafilm membrane, with and without a phagostimulant (CO2), were compared with live host (rabbit) fed Ae. aegypti. Laboratory-reared Ae. aegypti were bloodfed for 30 min, 3 times/week for 18 weeks. Citrated mammalian bloods in a glass feeder were warmed to 37°C by a heater/circulator, and offered to the mosquitoes through a stretched Parafilm membrane; dry ice was placed beside the feeders during the final 9 weeks of the study. A significantly lower percentage (47–70%, P &lt; 0.0001) of Ae. aegypti engorged during membrane bloodfeeding than during live host bloodfeeding resulting in significantly lower egg production (P &lt; 0.0001) and egg eclosion in membrane bloodfed insects. Of the in vitro fed mosquitoes, mean egg production was highest in citrated horse blood fed females during weeks 1–9. With the use of CO2 during the last 9 weeks, there was a significant increase in the mean number of mosquitoes engorging on citrated sheep and rabbit blood (P &lt; 0.0001) with a corresponding increase in mean egg production (P ≤ 0.0001). Even though egg production decreased with membrane bloodfeeding, this study suggests that Ae. aegypti colonies can be successfully maintained on a variety of preserved mammalian bloods fed through a Parafilm membrane.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of two karyotypic forms of Anopheles aconitus (Diptera: Culicidae) to Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax

2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuluck Junkum ◽  
Atchariya Jitpakdi ◽  
Narissara Jariyapan ◽  
Narumon Komalamisra ◽  
Pradya Somboon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Median Lobe ◽  
Artificial Membrane ◽  
Chiang Mai ◽  
Potential Vector ◽  
Membrane Feeding ◽  
Feeding Technique

Four laboratory-raised colonies of two karyotypic forms of Anopheles aconitus, i.e., Form B (Chiang Mai and Phet Buri strains) and C (Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son strains), were experimentally infected with Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax using an artificial membrane feeding technique and dissected eight and 12 days after feeding for oocyst and sporozoite rates, respectively. The results revealed that An. aconitus Form B and C were susceptible to P. falciparum and P. vivax, i.e., Form B (Chiang Mai and Phet Buri strains/P. falciparum and P. vivax) and Form C (Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son strains/P. vivax). Comparative statistical analyses of the oocyst rates, average number of oocysts per infected midgut and sporozoite rates among all strains of An. aconitus Form B and C to the ingroup control vectors, An. minimus A and C, exhibited mostly no significant differences, confirming the high potential vector of the two Plasmodium species. The sporozoite-like crystals found in the median lobe of the salivary glands, which could be a misleading factor in the identification of true sporozoites in salivary glands were found in both An. aconitus Form B and C.

Transmission of Theileria parva to cattle by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adults fed as nymphae in vitro on infected blood through an artificial membrane

Parasitology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Waladde ◽  
A. S. Young ◽  
S. A. Ochieng' ◽  
S. N. Mwaura ◽  
F. N. Mwakima
Keyword(s):  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Theileria Parva ◽  
Artificial Membrane ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Membrane Feeding ◽  
Feeding Technique ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Acid Citrate Dextrose ◽  
Citrate Dextrose

SummaryA technique is described for the efficient feeding of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphae on cattle blood through an artificial membrane bearing tactile and olfactory stimuli. The effect of four anticoagulation methods on the feeding of nymphae was compared and heparinized blood was found to be the most efficacious, followed by defibrinated blood. Blood treated with acid citrate dextrose (ACD) or ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) inhibited nymphal feeding. Nymphae fed on heparinized and defibrinated blood obtained engorgement weights within the range of ticks fed on mammalian hosts and they subsequently moulted and fed normally as adults and produced viable eggs. Nymphae fed on membranes using either defibrinated or heparinized blood infected with Theileria parva piroplasms developed salivary gland infections as adult ticks and transmitted East Coast fever (ECF) to susceptible cattle. There were indications that T. parva-infected defibrinated blood was not as infective to the feeding nymphae as the infected heparinized blood. When T. parva-infected heparinized blood was used to feed nymphae through membranes in two experiments, it was found that the infections in the resultant adult ticks could be comparable to those of nymphae fed on donor cattle, but were usually lower. The membrane feeding technique will enable the study of factors affecting the tick and T. parva transmission without the complication of host/T. parva interactions and could be useful for both tick maintenance and Theileria parasite isolation and maintenance.

scholarly journals Efficacy of ivermectin against the bloodsucking insect, Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Triatominae)

1985 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia de Azambuja ◽  
José Eugenio P. Lima Gomes ◽  
Fernando Lopes ◽  
Eloi S. Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Considerable Reduction ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Single Meal ◽  
Lethal Doses

Ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg body weight) caused a high mortality in nymphs and adults of Rhodnius prolixus following a single meal in mice sub-cutaneously injected with the drug. This effect was more evident in nymphs of 1st-and 2nd-instar than in older nymphs and adults. Third-instar nymphs presented a high mortality when fed on mice treated with ivermectin 24 and 48 hours previously, while mortality was significantly reduced in nymphs fed on mice treated 72 hours before. Surviving 3rd-instar nymphs did not molt. When adult females were fed once on mice treated for 24 hours with ivermectin there was a considerable reduction in egg production. This inhibition was not reversed by a second feeding on normal mice. We concluded that sub-lethal doses of ivermectin caused toxic effects interfering in the neuro-endocrine control of development and reproduction of this bloodsucking insect.

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