Automated Text Simplification

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Suha S. Al-Thanyyan ◽  
Aqil M. Azmi
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
Essential Tool ◽  
Text Simplification ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Original Information ◽  
Research Studies

Text simplification (TS) reduces the complexity of the text to improve its readability and understandability, while possibly retaining its original information content. Over time, TS has become an essential tool in helping those with low literacy levels, non-native learners, and those struggling with various types of reading comprehension problems. In addition, it is used in a preprocessing stage to enhance other NLP tasks. This survey presents an extensive study of current research studies in the field of TS, as well as covering resources, corpora, and evaluation methods that have been used in those studies.

Automatic Story Generation

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Arwa I. Alhussain ◽  
Aqil M. Azmi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Automatic Generation ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Computational Creativity ◽  
Story Generation ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Shed Light

Computational generation of stories is a subfield of computational creativity where artificial intelligence and psychology intersect to teach computers how to mimic humans’ creativity. It helps generate many stories with minimum effort and customize the stories for the users’ education and entertainment needs. Although the automatic generation of stories started to receive attention many decades ago, advances in this field to date are less than expected and suffer from many limitations. This survey presents an extensive study of research in the area of non-interactive textual story generation, as well as covering resources, corpora, and evaluation methods that have been used in those studies. It also shed light on factors of story interestingness.

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiological analysis of HIV-1 variants circulating in Russia in 1987—2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
I A Lapovok ◽  
A E Lopatukhin ◽  
D E Kireev ◽  
E V Kazennova ◽  
A V Lebedev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Nucleotide Sequences ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
On Line ◽  
Diagnosis Date ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Virus Subtype ◽  
Over Time

Aim. To simultaneously analyze HIV-1 samples from all Russian regions to characterize the epidemiology of HIV infection in the country as a whole. Subjects and methods. The most extensive study was conducted to examine nucleotide sequences of the pol gene of HIV-1 samples isolated from HIV-positive persons in different regions of Russia, with the diagnosis date being fixed during 1987—2015. The nucleotide sequences of the HIV-1 genome were analyzed using computer programs and on-line applications to identify a virus subtype and new recombinant forms. Results. The nucleotide sequences of the pol gene were analyzed in 1697 HIV-1 samples and the findings were that the genetic variant subtype A1 (IDU-A) was dominant throughout the entire territory of Russia (in more than 80% of all infection cases). Other virus variants circulating in Russia were analyzed; the phenomenon of the higher distribution of the recombinant form CRF63/02A in Siberia, which had been previously described in the literature, was also confirmed. Four new recombinant forms generated by the virus subtype A1 (IDU-A) and B and two AG recombinant forms were found. There was a larger genetic distance between the viruses of IDU-A variant circulating among the injecting drug users and those infected through heterosexual contact, as well as a change in the viruses of subtype G that caused the outbreak in the south of the country over time in 1988—1989. Conclusion. The findings demonstrate continuous HIV-1 genetic variability and recombination over time in Russia, as well as increased genetic diversity with higher HIV infection rates in the population.

Knitting Feminist Politics: Exploring a Yarn-Bombing Performance in a Postdisaster City

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Farinosi ◽  
Leopoldina Fortunati
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Knitted Fabric ◽  
Feminist Politics ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Research Studies

The aim of this article is to explore urban knitting as a worldwide social movement, rather than solely a kind of “inoffensive urban graffiti” made with knitted fabric. Building on the available literature and original research, the article argues that this movement weaves together elements from craftivism, domesticity, handicraft, art, and feminism. It then explores a specific urban knitting initiative, called “Mettiamoci una pezza” (“Let’s patch it”), carried out in L’Aquila, Italy, 3 years after the earthquake that devastated the city in 2009. To analyze the sociopolitical aspects of this initiative, a series of qualitative research studies was conducted over time, to which were added semistructured interviews with the initiative’s local organizers. The findings show that the initiative in L’Aquila clearly exhibits the five original features of the urban knitting movement that emerge from the literature as being characteristic of this movement.

The Role of Attention in Designing Effective Interpretive Labels

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Bitgood
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
First Principle ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Research Studies

Processes of attention can provide a conceptual framework for understanding visitor reactions to interpretive labels. In this article, three principles of attention are used to organize what we know about interpretive label design. The first principle, selectivity, suggests that the distinctiveness or salience of a label or object will influence which of many elements will be given attention. The second principle, motivated focusing, states that motivation is enhanced by minimizing the amount of effort, increasing cognitive-emotional arousal and minimizing distractions. The last principle, limited capacity, proposes that the resources of attention have a limited capacity and are depleted over time with effort expended. Findings of research studies and specific principles (e.g., an isolated object receives more attention than an object embedded in dense stimuli) are described within this conceptual framework.

scholarly journals A Path Analysis of Reading Comprehension for Adults With Low Literacy

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl F. Mellard ◽  
Emily Fall ◽  
Kari L. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Low Literacy

Chalk, Seeds, and Entropy in the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Men's Basketball ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT            Based on the results of the 63 games played in each of the 32 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournaments held from 1985 through 2016 it is shown that the information content of the seeding of the 64 teams invited to participate as to the seed of the eventual winner, varies from year to year, but not in any consistent fashion. The paper thus concludes that the Selection Committee’s seeding process has not improved over time, notwithstanding the availability of more sophisticated metrics for evaluating the teams’ regular-season performance. The fact that a 1-seed wins some 60 percent of the time and a top-three-seed wins 88 percent of the time only reflects the fact that the committee is not seeding the teams at random, but rather is exercising a modicum of judgment, aided and abetted by the tournament’s design. 

Perceptual-Physiologic Approach to Evaluation and Treatment of Dysphonia

1987 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda D'Antonio ◽  
Wendy Lotz ◽  
David Chait ◽  
Ronald Netsell
Keyword(s):  
Voice Disorders ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Voice Therapy ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Evaluation Data ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology ◽  
Time Evaluation ◽  
Over Time

The value of a perceptual-physiologic approach to both the evaluation and treatment of voice disorders is described and illustrated with an example of a patient with ventricular fold phonation. Objective measures are obtained to facilitate the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and to document change over time. Evaluation data are recorded and interpreted collectively by a speech-otolaryngology team and may be valuable for medicolegal cases. Finally, the evaluation methods, particularly videolaryngoscopy, may be used for biofeedback purposes to facilitate voice therapy.

scholarly journals Mix it and fix it: functions of composite olfactory signals in ring-tailed lemurs

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 160076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia K. Greene ◽  
Kathleen E. Grogan ◽  
Kendra N. Smyth ◽  
Christine A. Adams ◽  
Skylar A. Klager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Scent Marking ◽  
Lemur Catta ◽  
Chemical Signals ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Multiple Messages ◽  
Over Time

Animals communicating via scent often deposit composite signals that incorporate odorants from multiple sources; however, the function of mixing chemical signals remains understudied. We tested both a ‘multiple-messages’ and a ‘fixative’ hypothesis of composite olfactory signalling, which, respectively, posit that mixing scents functions to increase information content or prolong signal longevity. Our subjects—adult, male ring-tailed lemurs ( Lemur catta )—have a complex scent-marking repertoire, involving volatile antebrachial (A) secretions, deposited pure or after being mixed with a squalene-rich paste exuded from brachial (B) glands. Using behavioural bioassays, we examined recipient responses to odorants collected from conspecific strangers. We concurrently presented pure A, pure B and mixed A + B secretions, in fresh or decayed conditions. Lemurs preferentially responded to mixed over pure secretions, their interest increasing and shifting over time, from sniffing and countermarking fresh mixtures, to licking and countermarking decayed mixtures. Substituting synthetic squalene (S)—a well-known fixative—for B secretions did not replicate prior results: B secretions, which contain additional chemicals that probably encode salient information, were preferred over pure S. Whereas support for the ‘multiple-messages’ hypothesis underscores the unique contribution from each of an animal's various secretions, support for the ‘fixative’ hypothesis highlights the synergistic benefits of composite signals.

Odd Lot Trades: The Behavior, Characteristics, and Information Content, Over Time

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardy Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Behavior Characteristics ◽  
Over Time
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