A Comprehensive Survey of Attacks without Physical Access Targeting Hardware Vulnerabilities in IoT/IIoT Devices, and Their Detection Mechanisms

2022 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos-Foivos Polychronou ◽  
Pierre-Henri Thevenon ◽  
Maxime Puys ◽  
Vincent Beroulle

With the advances in the field of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial IoT (IIoT), these devices are increasingly used in daily life or industry. To reduce costs related to the time required to develop these devices, security features are usually not considered. This situation creates a major security concern. Many solutions have been proposed to protect IoT/IIoT against various attacks, most of which are based on attacks involving physical access. However, a new class of attacks has emerged targeting hardware vulnerabilities in the micro-architecture that do not require physical access. We present attacks based on micro-architectural hardware vulnerabilities and the side effects they produce in the system. In addition, we present security mechanisms that can be implemented to address some of these attacks. Most of the security mechanisms target a small set of attack vectors or a single specific attack vector. As many attack vectors exist, solutions must be found to protect against a wide variety of threats. This survey aims to inform designers about the side effects related to attacks and detection mechanisms that have been described in the literature. For this purpose, we present two tables listing and classifying the side effects and detection mechanisms based on the given criteria.

2023 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Abhishek Hazra ◽  
Mainak Adhikari ◽  
Tarachand Amgoth ◽  
Satish Narayana Srirama

In the era of Industry 4.0, the Internet-of-Things (IoT) performs the driving position analogous to the initial industrial metamorphosis. IoT affords the potential to couple machine-to-machine intercommunication and real-time information-gathering within the industry domain. Hence, the enactment of IoT in the industry magnifies effective optimization, authority, and data-driven judgment. However, this field undergoes several interoperable issues, including large numbers of heterogeneous IoT gadgets, tools, software, sensing, and processing components, joining through the Internet, despite the deficiency of communication protocols and standards. Recently, various interoperable protocols, platforms, standards, and technologies are enhanced and altered according to the specifications of the applicability in industrial applications. However, there are no recent survey papers that primarily examine various interoperability issues that Industrial IoT (IIoT) faces. In this review, we investigate the conventional and recent developments of relevant state-of-the-art IIoT technologies, frameworks, and solutions for facilitating interoperability between different IIoT components. We also discuss several interoperable IIoT standards, protocols, and models for digitizing the industrial revolution. Finally, we conclude this survey with an inherent discussion of open challenges and directions for future research.


ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murilo Silveira Rocha ◽  
Guilherme Serpa Sestito ◽  
Andre Luis Dias ◽  
Alfonso Celso Turcato ◽  
Dennis Brandão ◽  
...  

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a key technology in the development of Industry 4.0. An increasing number of new industrial devices are expected to communicate with each other by means of local (edge) and cloud computing servers. In this article, two well-known protocols used for IoT and Industrial IoT (IIoT) are compared in terms of their performance when they are used to send/receive data to/from cloud servers. Due to their wide diffusion and suitability, the considered protocols are open platform communication-unified architecture publisher-subscriber (OPC UA PubSub) (purposely developed and maintained by industrial consortia) and message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT), the most well-known message protocol originally developed by IBM. The performance comparison is carried out considering the overall quantity of the data transferred (user payload plus overhead) and the roundtrip time required to send in data and receive a feedback message in return. The experimental results include the evaluation of several cloud computing server and application scenarios, highlighting how each protocol is particularly suitable for certain situations. Finally, conclusions about the best choice for data exchange between devices are given.


Author(s):  
P. Jeyadurga ◽  
S. Ebenezer Juliet ◽  
I. Joshua Selwyn ◽  
P. Sivanisha

The Internet of things (IoT) is one of the emerging technologies that brought revolution in many application domains such as smart cities, smart retails, healthcare monitoring and so on. As the physical objects are connected via internet, security risk may arise. This paper analyses the existing technologies and protocols that are designed by different authors to ensure the secure communication over internet. It additionally focuses on the advancement in healthcare systems while deploying IoT services.


2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 1676-1717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Salek Ali ◽  
Massimo Vecchio ◽  
Miguel Pincheira ◽  
Koustabh Dolui ◽  
Fabio Antonelli ◽  
...  

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45
Author(s):  
Anjan Khadka ◽  
Dick Brashier ◽  
Amol Vijay Khanpure ◽  
Pem Chuki

Insomnia is characterized by difficulty in falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, or experiencing nonrestorative sleep. Insomnia is the most common medical complaint in general practice.  Low efficacy and various side effects limit the use of existing treatment option. Suvorexant is an orexin receptor antagonist (ORA), first in a new class of drugs in development for the treatment of insomnia. It inhibits the wakefulness-promoting orexin neurons of the arousal system thereby promoting the natural transition from wakefulness. It also improves sleep onset and sleep maintenance and has a favorable tolerability and limited side-effect profile.


2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (338) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Lasma Licite-Kurbe ◽  
Athul Chandramohan

AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) is a computing concept that describes the idea of everyday physical objects being connected to the Internet and being able to identify themselves to other devices, and day by day it becomes popular in everyday life as well as in entrepreneurship. The IoT covers broad areas, including manufacturing, the health sector, agriculture, smart cities, security and emergencies among many others. The market for the industrial IoT is estimated to surpass 107 billion euros by 2021 and reach a compound annual growth rate of 7.3% as of 2020. The IoT makes an impact on all industries and provides benefits for various areas of business; however, business may be faced with some risks as well. The research aim is to analyse the benefits and risks of the IoT in entrepreneurship. The descriptive method, analysis and synthesis, the induction and deduction methods were used to achieve the aim. The research has revealed that the IoT can provide several opportunities for business in all fields of operations – marketing, logistics, accounting and human resource management. However, businesses may be faced with some challenges related to privacy and security, processing, analysis and management of data, as well as monitoring and sensing.


Author(s):  
Ayu Imamatun Nisa ◽  
Awalia Awalia ◽  
Jusak Nugraha

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease which mainly attacks synovial membrane and causes systemic manifestation. During treatment, controlling disease activity is needed to prevent further complication. On the other hand, medications used in the treatment of RA may bring various side effects. It is important to evaluate side effects from the given therapy.Methods: This study aimed to evaluate response and side effects of therapy in RA patients. The samples were collected from 59 RA patients at Rheumatology Division of Outpatient Clinic in Department of Internal Medicine Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya in 2017. This study method was descriptive observational with cross sectional design using medical records.Results: Pain was reduced in 83.1% patients, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) increased in 61.4% patients, and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) decreased in 50% patients. Based on the statistic analysis, ESR decreased significantly (p = 0.012) while CRP decreased not significantly (p = 0.415). The side effects were observed from clinical and laboratory data. Based on clinical symptoms, there were alopecia in 1.7% patient, dyspepsia in 78% patients, infection in 27.1% patients, and other symptoms including itchy skin, neuropathy, hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia and Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Meanwhile, abnormalities in laboratory data include increased aspartate transaminase (AST) in 3.8% patients, increased alanine transaminase (ALT) in 26.1% patients, increased Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) in 7.9% patients, increased creatinine serum in 7.9% patients, decreased hemoglobin in 15.5% patients, and decreased leukocytes in 3.4% patients.Conclusion: Most patients had a good therapeutic response based on decreased pain, while ESR had a significant decrease and CRP did not have significant decrease. Side effects discovered in patients were various


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinay Kishnani ◽  
Ankur Gupta

Over the last few years, the microfluidics phenomenon coupled with the Internet of Things (IoT) using innovative nano-functional materials have been recognized as one of the sustainable and economical tools for point of care testing (POCT) of various pathogens influencing the human health. The sensors based on these phenomena are aimed to be designed for their cost-effectiveness, to make it handy, environment-friendly and to get an accurate, easy, and rapid response. Considering the burgeoning importance of analytical devices in the healthcare domain, this review paper is based on the gist of sensing aspects of the micro fabricated paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). The article discusses not only the various used design methodologies and fabrication approaches, but also elucidates the recently reported surface modification strategies, detection mechanisms viz., colorimetric, electrochemical, fluorescence, electrochemiluminescence etc., and sensing characteristics of μPADs along with reported works equipped with the IoT platform for digital readout. In a nutshell, this article summarizes the state-of-the-art research work carried out over the nano functionalized paper-based analytical devices and associated challenges/solutions in the point of care testing domain.


Author(s):  
Muhammad Faheem Mustafa ◽  
Ayaz Ahmad ◽  
Raheel Ahmed

With the rapid increase in data traffic and high data rate demands from cellular users, conventional cellular networks are becoming insufficient to fulfill these requirements. Femto cells are integrated in macro cellular network to increase the capacity, coverage, and to fulfill the increasing demands of the users. Time required for handoff process between the cells became more sensitive and complex with the introduction of femto cells in the network. Public internet which connect the femto base station with the mobile core network induces higher latency if conventional handoff procedures are also employed in macro-femto cell network. So, handoff process will become slower and network operation will become insufficient. Some standards, procedures, and protocols should be defined for macro-femto cell network rather than using existing protocols. This chapter presents a comprehensive survey of handoff process, types of handoff in macro-femto cell network, and proposed methods and schemes for frequent and unnecessary handoff reduction for efficient network operation.


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