The Effects on Driving Behavior When Using a Head-mounted Display in a Dynamic Driving Simulator

Driving simulators are established tools used during automotive development and research. Most simulators use either monitors or projectors as their primary display system. However, the emergence of a new generation of head-mounted displays has triggered interest in using these as the primary display type. The general benefits and drawbacks of head-mounted displays are well researched, but their effect on driving behavior in a simulator has not been sufficiently quantified. This article presents a study of driving behavior differences between projector-based graphics and head-mounted display in a large dynamic driving simulator. This study has selected five specific driving maneuvers suspected of affecting driving behavior differently depending on the choice of display technology. Some of these maneuvers were chosen to reveal changes in lateral and longitudinal driving behavior. Others were picked for their ability to highlight the benefits and drawbacks of head-mounted displays in a driving context. The results show minor changes in lateral and longitudinal driver behavior changes when comparing projectors and a head-mounted display. The most noticeable difference in favor of projectors was seen when the display resolution is critical to the driving task. The choice of display type did not affect simulator sickness nor the realism rated by the subjects.

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A Neurofuzzy Approach to Modeling Longitudinal Driving Behavior and Driving Task Complexity

International Journal of Vehicular Technology ◽

10.1155/2012/807805 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. G. Hoogendoorn ◽

B. van Arem ◽

S. P. Hoogendoorn

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Driving Simulator ◽

Task Complexity ◽

Theoretical Framework ◽

Driving Behavior ◽

Future Research ◽

Good Prediction ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Driving Task ◽

Adaptation Effects

Technological innovations can be assumed to have made the driving task more complex. It is, however, not yet clear to what extent this complexity leads to changes in longitudinal driving behavior. Furthermore, it remains to be seen how these adaptation effects can best be modeled mathematically. In order to determine the effect of complexity on empirical longitudinal driving behavior we performed a driving simulator experiment with a repeated measures design. Through this experiment we established that complexity of the driving task leads to substantial changes in speed and spacing. In order to provide insight into how complexity is actually related to changes in longitudinal driving behavior we introduce a new theoretical framework based on the Task-Capability-Interface model. Finally in this paper we take some first steps towards modeling of adaptation effects in longitudinal driving behavior in relation to complexity of the driving task through the introduction of a new neurofuzzy car-following model and based on the proposed theoretical framework. In this paper we show that this model yields a relatively good prediction of longitudinal driving behavior in case of driving conditions with differing complexity. The paper finishes with a discussion section and recommendations for future research.

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A Station with Multiple Head-Mounted Displays for Learning Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

10.20944/preprints201704.0128.v2 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Kareem Abdelgawad ◽

Jürgen Gausemeier ◽

Jörg Stöcklein ◽

Michael Grafe ◽

Jan Berssenbrügge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Driving Simulator ◽

Driver Assistance ◽

Driver Assistance Systems ◽

Driving Simulators ◽

Essential Information ◽

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems ◽

Head Mounted Display ◽

Head Mounted Displays ◽

Assistance Systems ◽

Training Station

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are technologies that provide drivers with essential information or take over difficult and repetitive tasks. They contribute to improving road safety and increasing driving comfort. Apart from the technical development challenges, training and demonstration of ADAS in safe environments are important concerns for automobile manufacturers and suppliers. This paper presents the concept and prototypical implementation of an innovative training station for learning ADAS with driving simulators. The training station has a scalable and modular architecture, so that more than one driving simulator can be connected to a common instructor unit. Fully immersive visualization is provided by utilizing head-mounted displays for the participating driving simulators. The instructor unit consists of a computer with a developed software tool for session control, monitoring, and evaluation. Moreover, the instructor can use a head-mounted display and participate within the same virtual environment of a selected trainee. A simulation model for an autonomous driving system was implemented and a group of test persons were involved to show the usability and validity of the developed training station for ADAS learning and demonstration.

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A Station with Multiple Head-Mounted Displays for Learning Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

10.20944/preprints201704.0128.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Kareem Abdelgawad ◽

Jürgen Gausemeier ◽

Jan Berssenbrügge ◽

Jörg Stöcklein

Keyword(s):

Driving Simulator ◽

Driver Assistance ◽

Driver Assistance Systems ◽

Driving Simulators ◽

Essential Information ◽

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems ◽

Head Mounted Display ◽

Head Mounted Displays ◽

Assistance Systems ◽

Training Station

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A Platform with Multiple Head-Mounted Displays for Advanced Training in Modern Driving Schools

10.20944/preprints201704.0128.v3 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Kareem Abdelgawad ◽

Jürgen Gausemeier ◽

Jörg Stöcklein ◽

Michael Grafe ◽

Jan Berssenbrügge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Simulation Model ◽

Traffic Safety ◽

Driving Simulator ◽

Training Session ◽

Modular Architecture ◽

Driving Simulators ◽

Essential Information ◽

Head Mounted Display ◽

Head Mounted Displays ◽

Vehicle Systems

Automotive manufacturers and suppliers develop new vehicle systems, such as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), to increase traffic safety and driving comfort. ADAS are technologies that provide drivers with essential information or take over demanding driving tasks. More complex and intelligent vehicle systems are being developed toward fully autonomous and cooperative driving. Apart from the technical development challenges, training of drivers with these complex vehicle systems represents an important concern for automotive manufacturers. This paper highlights the new evolving requirements concerning the training of drivers with future complex vehicle systems. In accordance with these requirements, a new training concept is introduced, and a prototype of a training platform is implemented for utilization in future driving schools. The developed training platform has a scalable and modular architecture so that more than one driving simulator can be networked to a common driving instructor unit. The participating driving simulators provide fully immersive visualization to the drivers by utilizing head-mounted displays instead of conventional display screens and projectors. The driving instructor unit consists of a computer with a developed software tool for training session control, monitoring, and evaluation. Moreover, the driving instructor can use a head-mounted display to participate interactively within the same virtual environment of any selected driver. A simulation model of an autonomous driving system was implemented and integrated in the participating driving simulators. Using this simulation model, training sessions were conducted with the help of a group of test drivers and professional driving instructors to prove the validity of the developed concept and show the usability of the implemented training platform.

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Drivers’ Attention Strategies before Eyes-off-Road in Different Traffic Scenarios: Adaptation and Anticipation

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18073716 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (7) ◽

pp. 3716

Author(s):

Zhuofan Liu ◽

Wei Yuan ◽

Yong Ma

Keyword(s):

Visual Attention ◽

Driving Simulator ◽

Test Drive ◽

Urban Road ◽

Strong Shift ◽

Related Information ◽

Road Users ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Driving Task

The distribution of drivers’ visual attention prior to diverting focus from the driving task is critical for safety. The object of this study is to investigate drivers’ attention strategy before they occlude their vision for different durations under different driving scenarios. A total of 3 (scenarios) × 3 (durations) within-subjects design was applied. Twenty-three participants completed three durations of occlusion (0, 1, and 2 s) test drive in a motion-based driving simulator under three scenarios (urban, rural, motorway). Drivers’ occlusion behaviour, driving behaviour, and visual behaviour in 6 s before occlusion was analyzed and compared. The results showed that drivers tended to slow down and increased their attention on driving task to keep safety in occlusion 2 s condition. The distribution of attention differed among different driving scenarios and occlusion durations. More attention was directed to Forward position and Speedometer in occlusion conditions, and a strong shift in attention from Forward position to Road users and Speedometer was found in occlusion 2 s condition. Road users was glanced more frequently in urban road with a higher percentage of attention transitions from Forward position to Road users. While gaze switching to Speedometer with a higher intensity was found on motorway. It suggests that drivers could adapt their visual attention to driving demand and anticipate the development of upcoming situations by sampling enough driving-related information before eyes-off-road. Moreover, the adaptation and anticipation are in accordance with driving situation and expected eyes-off-road duration. Better knowledge about attentional strategies before attention away from road contributes to more efficient and safe interaction with additional tasks.

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A Driving Simulator Study of the Performance Effects of Low Blood Alcohol Concentration

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193129604001817 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 40 (18) ◽

pp. 943-946 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. Wade Allen ◽

Zareh Parseghian ◽

Anthony C. Stein

Keyword(s):

Divided Attention ◽

Driving Simulator ◽

Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽

Large Body ◽

Alcohol Concentration ◽

Blood Alcohol ◽

Performance Effects ◽

Driving Task ◽

Simulator Study ◽

And Performance

There is a large body of research that documents the impairing effect of alcohol on driving behavior and performance. Some of the most significant alcohol influence seems to occur in divided attention situations when the driver must simultaneously attend to several aspects of the driving task. This paper describes a driving simulator study of the effect of a low alcohol dose, .055 BAC (blood alcohol concentration %/wt), on divided attention performance. The simulation was mechanized on a PC and presented visual and auditory feedback in a truck cab surround. Subjects were required to control speed and steering on a rural two lane road while attending to a peripheral secondary task. The subject population was composed of 33 heavy equipment operators who were tested during both placebo and drinking sessions. Multivariate Analysis of Variance showed a significant and practical alcohol effect on a range of variables in the divided attention driving task.

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The Effects of Telematics on Driver Distraction

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193120204602219 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 46 (22) ◽

pp. 1868-1870 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Patrick Siebert ◽

Mustapha Mouloua ◽

Kendra Burns ◽

Jennifer Marino ◽

Lora Scagliola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Task ◽

Cell Phone ◽

Driving Simulator ◽

Systems Design ◽

Driver Distraction ◽

Cellular Phones ◽

Driver Safety ◽

A Cell ◽

Driving Task ◽

Simulated Driving Task

This study used both cellular phones and analogue radio to measure driver distraction and workload in a low fidelity driving simulator. Thirty-four participants performed a simulated driving task while using either a cell phone or a radio in conjunction with a secondary task assessing their spare attentional capacity. The results showed that more lane deviations were made during the cell phone and radio tuning use than both of the pre-allocation and Post-allocation phases. The secondary task errors were also higher during both the cell phone and radio tuning allocation phase than the pre-allocation and post-allocation phases. These findings indicate the greater workload load levels associated with the use of telemetric devices. These findings have major implications for driver safety and telemetric systems design.

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Advance Information on the Road: A Simulator Study of the Effect of Road Markings

Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society ◽

10.1177/001872087601800601 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 521-532 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Harald Witt ◽

Carl G. Hoyos

Keyword(s):

Driving Simulator ◽

Driving Behavior ◽

Speed Profile ◽

The Road ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Road Signs ◽

Advance Information ◽

Simulator Study ◽

On The Road ◽

Accident Statistics

Accident statistics and studies of driving behavior have shown repeatedly that curved roads are hazardous. It was hypothesized that the safety of curves could be improved by indicating in advance the course of the road in a more effective way than do traditional road signs. A code of sequences of stripes put on right edge of the pavement was developed to indicate to the driver the radius of the curve ahead. The main characteristic of this code was the frequency of transitions from code elements to gaps between elements. The effect of these markings was investigated on a driving simulator. Twelve subjects drove on simulated roads of different curvature and with different placement of the code in the approach zone. Some positive effects of the advance information could be observed. The subjects drove more steadily, more precisely, and with a more suitable speed profile.

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Viewpoint Usability for Desktop Augmented Reality

International Journal of Virtual Reality ◽

10.20870/ijvr.2006.5.3.2696 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 33-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Seokhee Jeon ◽

Hyeongseop Shim ◽

Gerard J. Kim

Keyword(s):

Augmented Reality ◽

Task Performance ◽

Depth Perception ◽

Object Manipulation ◽

Head Mounted Display ◽

Usability Problems ◽

Head Mounted Displays ◽

Hand Eye Coordination ◽

Manipulation Task ◽

Perceived Usability

In this paper, we have investigated the comparative usability among three different viewing configurations of augmented reality (AR) system that uses a desktop monitor instead of a head mounted display. In many cases, due to operational or cost reasons, the use of head mounted displays may not be viable. Such a configuration is bound to cause usability problems because of the mismatch in the user's proprioception, scale, hand eye coordination, and the reduced 3D depth perception. We asked a pool of subjects to carry out an object manipulation task in three different desktop AR set ups. We measured the subject's task performance and surveyed for the perceived usability and preference. Our results indicated that placing a fixed camera in the back of the user was the best option for convenience and attaching a camera on the user�s head for task performance. The results should provide a valuable guide for designing desktop augmented reality systems without head mounted displays

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Investigating the impact of Innovative Treatments on Driving Behavior at School Bus Stops: A Driving Simulator Study

10.29117/quarfe.2021.0166 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mustafa Suhail Almallah ◽

Shabna Sayed Mohammed ◽

Qinaat Hussain ◽

Wael K. M. Alhajyaseen

Keyword(s):

Driving Simulator ◽

Driving Behavior ◽

School Bus ◽

School Buses ◽

Bus Stop ◽

Typical Condition ◽

Simulator Study ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact ◽

Traveling Speed

The illegal overtaking/crossing of stopped school buses has been identified as one of the leading causes of students’ injuries and fatalities. The likelihood of students in getting involved in a school bus-related crash increases during loading/unloading. The main objective of this driving simulator study was to study the effectiveness of different treatments in improving students’ safety by reducing the illegal overtaking/crossing of stopped school buses. Treatments used in this research are LED, Road Narrowing and Red Pavement. All proposed treatments were compared with the control condition (i.e., typical condition in the State of Qatar). Seventy-two subjects with valid Qatari driving license were invited to participate in this study. Each subject was exposed to three situations (i.e., Situation 1: the school bus is stopped in the same traveling direction, Situation 2: the school bus is stopped in the opposite traveling direction, Situation 3: the school bus is not present at the bus stop). Results showed that LED and Road Narrowing treatments were effective in reducing the illegal overtaking/crossing of stopped school buses. Moreover, the stopping behavior for drivers in LED and Road Narrowing was more consistent compared to the Red Pavement and control conditions. Finally, LED and Road Narrowing treatments motivated drivers to reduce their traveling speed by 5.16 km/h and 5.11 km/h, respectively, even with the absence of the school bus. Taking into account the results from this study, we recommend the proposed LED and Road Narrowing as potentially effective treatments to improve students’ safety at school bus stop locations.

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