Genetic Engineering and Editing of Plants: An Analysis of New and Persisting Questions

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 659-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Mackelprang ◽  
Peggy G. Lemaux
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Molecular Biology Technique ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
New Science ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Genetically Engineered Plants ◽  
Or Genes

Genetic engineering is a molecular biology technique that enables a gene or genes to be inserted into a plant's genome. The first genetically engineered plants were grown commercially in 1996, and the most common genetically engineered traits are herbicide and insect resistance. Questions and concerns have been raised about the effects of these traits on the environment and human health, many of which are addressed in a pair of 2008 and 2009 Annual Review of Plant Biology articles. As new science is published and new techniques like genome editing emerge, reanalysis of some of these issues, and a look at emerging issues, is warranted. Herein, an analysis of relevant scientific literature is used to present a scientific perspective on selected topics related to genetic engineering and genome editing.

scholarly journals Application of genome-editing systems to enhance available pig resources for agriculture and biomedicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Kiho Lee ◽  
Kayla Farrell ◽  
Kyungjun Uh
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Site Specific

Traditionally, genetic engineering in the pig was a challenging task. Genetic engineering of somatic cells followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could produce genetically engineered (GE) pigs carrying site-specific modifications. However, due to difficulties in engineering the genome of somatic cells and developmental defects associated with SCNT, a limited number of GE pig models were reported. Recent developments in genome-editing tools, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9 system, have markedly changed the effort and time required to produce GE pig models. The frequency of genetic engineering in somatic cells is now practical. In addition, SCNT is no longer essential in producing GE pigs carrying site-specific modifications, because direct injection of genome-editing systems into developing embryos introduces targeted modifications. To date, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is the most convenient, cost-effective, timely and commonly used genome-editing technology. Several applicable biomedical and agricultural pig models have been generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Although the efficiency of genetic engineering has been markedly enhanced with the use of genome-editing systems, improvements are still needed to optimally use the emerging technology. Current and future advances in genome-editing strategies will have a monumental effect on pig models used in agriculture and biomedicine.

scholarly journals The Role of IPR in Plant Genetic Engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Abhishek Rajesh Bhattacharjee ◽  
Shreya Das ◽  
Stuti Aastha
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Plant Genetic Engineering ◽  
Patent Laws ◽  
Genetically Engineered Plants

The role and status of Patent laws in the protection of plant species which have been genetically modified is currently uncertain in India. Discussions and debates regarding the same are rife and experts have different views regarding the whole aspect concerning economical and ethical considerations. Genetically engineered plants and modified crop plants are of significant economic value. In India, they face critical challenges, for instance, the requirement of dependable public policies and vigorous frameworks for regulatory control. This becomes much more vital since India desires to be an economic superpower primarily based on innovation. It is very important for a person from the legal field, especially those interested in the field of IPR, to have clarity regarding the protection of genetically modified plants. This humble attempt at a research paper seeks to clarify the same and discusses the various aspects on which one should think while concluding their views on the topic.

scholarly journals Recent advances in developing disease resistance in plants

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuj Sharma ◽  
Jeffrey B. Jones ◽  
Frank F. White
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Genetic Techniques

Approaches to manipulating disease resistance in plants is expanding exponentially due to advances in our understanding of plant defense mechanisms and new tools for manipulating the plant genome. The application of effective strategies is only limited now by adoption of rapid classical genetic techniques and the acceptance of genetically engineered traits for some problems. The use of genome editing and cis-genetics, where possible, may facilitate applications that otherwise require considerable time or genetic engineering, depending on settling legal definitions of the products. Nonetheless, the variety of approaches to developing disease resistance has never been greater.

Biotechnology: A Solution for Improving Nutrient Bioavailability

2002 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet C. King
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Plant Selection ◽  
Cross Breeding ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Short Period ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Genetically Engineered Plants ◽  
Selection For

Biotechnology strategies are now available to improve the amount and availability of nutrients in plant crops. Those strategies include simple plant selection for varieties with high nutrient density in the seeds, cross-breeding for incorporating a desired trait within a plant, and genetic engineering to manipulate the nutrient content of the plant. In plant cross-breeding, all genes of the parent plants are combined and the progeny have both desirable and undesirable traits. To eliminate undesirable traits, plant breeders «back-cross» the new plant varieties with other plants over several generations. This technique, called hybridization, has been used to create varieties of low-phytate corn, barley, and rice. Using the techniques of genetic engineering, the gene(s) encoding for a desired trait(s) in a plant are introduced in a precise and controlled manner within a relatively short period of time. Golden rice, containing carotenoids, and rice with higher amounts of iron, are two examples of genetically engineered plants for improved nutrition. Genetic engineering has tremendous potential for revolutionizing nutrition. However, public concerns regarding safety, appearance, and ethics must be overcome before these products can be effectively introduced into the food supply.

Phytodetoxification of hazardous organomercurials by genetically engineered plants

10.1038/72678 ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott P. Bizily ◽  
Clayton L. Rugh ◽  
Richard B. Meagher
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Genetically Engineered Plants

scholarly journals Risk assessment of genetically engineered plants that can persist and propagate in the environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Bauer-Panskus ◽  
Juliana Miyazaki ◽  
Katharina Kawall ◽  
Christoph Then
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Genetically Engineered Plants

scholarly journals Escherichia coli as a genetic tool

1985 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-618
Author(s):  
Naomi Datta
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Cloning And Expression ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Genetic Tool ◽  
The Past ◽  
Made In

SUMMARYThe study of Escherichia coli and its plasmids and bacteriophages has provided a vast body of genetical information, much of it relevant to the whole of biology. This was true even before the development of the new techniques, for cloning and analysing DNA, that have revolutionized biological research during the past decade. Thousands of millions of dollars are now invested in industrial uses of these techniques, which all depend on discoveries made in the course of academic research on E. coli. Much of the background of knowledge necessary for the cloning and expression of genetically engineered information, as well as the techniques themselves, came from work with this organism.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document