Next-Generation Genetic and Fermentation Technologies for Safe and Sustainable Production of Food Ingredients: Colors and Flavorings

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Oh Seo ◽  
Yong-Su Jin
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Strain Engineering ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Sustainable Operations ◽  
Food Ingredients

A growing human population is a significant issue in food security owing to the limited land and resources available for agricultural food production. To solve these problems, sustainable food manufacturing processes and the development of alternative foods and ingredients are needed. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology can help solve the food security issue and satisfy the demand for alternative food production. Bioproduction of food ingredients by microbial fermentation is a promising method to replace current manufacturing processes, such as extraction from natural materials and chemical synthesis, with more ecofriendly and sustainable operations. This review highlights successful examples of bioproduction for food additives by engineered microorganisms, with an emphasis on colorants and flavors that are extensively used in the food industry. Recent strain engineering developments and fermentation strategies for producing selected food colorants and flavors are introduced with discussions on the current status and future perspectives. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Brain-Protective Mechanisms of Transcription Factor NRF2: Toward a Common Strategy for Neurodegenerative Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Cuadrado
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Pass Through

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the loss of homeostatic functions that control redox and energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, and proteostasis. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master controller of these functions, and its overall activity is compromised during aging and in these diseases. However, NRF2 can be activated pharmacologically and is now being considered a common therapeutic target. Many gaps still exist in our knowledge of the specific role that NRF2 plays in specialized brain cell functions or how these cells respond to the hallmarks of these diseases. This review discusses the relevance of NRF2 to several hallmark features of neurodegenerative diseases and the current status of pharmacological activators that might pass through the blood-brain barrier and provide a disease-modifying effect. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Small RNAs in Plant Immunity and Virulence of Filamentous Pathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongli Qiao ◽  
Rui Xia ◽  
Jixian Zhai ◽  
Yingnan Hou ◽  
Li Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Host Pathogen

Gene silencing guided by small RNAs governs a broad range of cellular processes in eukaryotes. Small RNAs are important components of plant immunity because they contribute to pathogen-triggered transcription reprogramming and directly target pathogen RNAs. Recent research suggests that silencing of pathogen genes by plant small RNAs occurs not only during viral infection but also in nonviral pathogens through a process termed host-induced gene silencing, which involves trans-species small RNA trafficking. Similarly, small RNAs are also produced by eukaryotic pathogens and regulate virulence. This review summarizes the small RNA pathways in both plants and filamentous pathogens, including fungi and oomycetes, and discusses their role in host–pathogen interactions. We highlight secondary small interfering RNAs of plants as regulators of immune receptor gene expression and executors of host-induced gene silencing in invading pathogens. The current status and prospects of small RNAs trafficking at the host–pathogen interface are discussed. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Reproducible Research: A Retrospective

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Peng ◽  
Stephanie C. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Reproducible Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date

Advances in computing technology have spurred two extraordinary phenomena in science: large-scale and high-throughput data collection coupled with the creation and implementation of complex statistical algorithms for data analysis. These two phenomena have brought about tremendous advances in scientific discovery but have raised two serious concerns. The complexity of modern data analyses raises questions about the reproducibility of the analyses, meaning the ability of independent analysts to recreate the results claimed by the original authors using the original data and analysis techniques. Reproducibility is typically thwarted by a lack of availability of the original data and computer code. A more general concern is the replicability of scientific findings, which concerns the frequency with which scientific claims are confirmed by completely independent investigations. Although reproducibility and replicability are related, they focus on different aspects of scientific progress. In this review, we discuss the origins of reproducible research, characterize the current status of reproducibility in public health research, and connect reproducibility to current concerns about replicability of scientific findings. Finally, we describe a path forward for improving both the reproducibility and replicability of public health research in the future. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 42 is April 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Feruloylated Arabinoxylan and Oligosaccharides: Chemistry, Nutritional Functions, and Options for Enzymatic Modification

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shang Lin ◽  
Jane W. Agger ◽  
Casper Wilkens ◽  
Anne S. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cereal Brans ◽  
Antioxidant Effects

Cereal brans and grain endosperm cell walls are key dietary sources of different types of arabinoxylan. Arabinoxylan is the main group of hemicellulosic polysaccharides that are present in the cell walls of monocot grass crops and hence in cereal grains. The arabinoxylan polysaccharides consist of a backbone of β-(1→4)-linked xylopyranosyl residues, which carry arabinofuranosyl moieties, hence the term arabinoxylan. Moreover, the xylopyranosyl residues can be acetylated or substituted by methyl-glucuronic acid. The arabinofuranosyls may be esterified with a feruloyl group. Feruloylated arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides exert beneficial bioactivities via prebiotic, immunomodulatory, and/or antioxidant effects. New knowledge on microbial enzymes that catalyze specific structural modifications of arabinoxylans can help us understand how these complex fibers are converted in the gut and provide a foundation for the production of feruloylated arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides from brans or other cereal grain processing sidestreams as functional food ingredients. There is a gap between the structural knowledge, bioactivity data, and enzymology insight. Our goal with this review is to present an overview of the structures and bioactivities of feruloylated arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides and review the enzyme reactions that catalyze specific changes in differentially substituted arabinoxylans. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 12 is March 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Current Status of and Perspectives on the Application of Marmosets in Neurobiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyuki Okano
Keyword(s):  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
The Common

The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus), a small New World primate, is receiving substantial attention in the neuroscience and biomedical science fields because its anatomical features, functional and behavioral characteristics, and reproductive features and its amenability to available genetic modification technologies make it an attractive experimental subject. In this review, I outline the progress of marmoset neuroscience research and summarize both the current status (opportunities and limitations) of and the future perspectives on the application of marmosets in neuroscience and disease modeling. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 8, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Mixing and CP Violation in the Charm System

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Lenz ◽  
Guy Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Cp Violation ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Charm Physics ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

In recent years charm physics has undergone a renaissance, which has been catalyzed by an unexpected and impressive set of experimental results from the B factories, the Tevatron, and LHCb. The existence of [Formula: see text] oscillations is now well established, and the recent discovery of CP violation in D0 decays has further renewed interest in the charm sector. In this article, we review the current status of charm-mixing and CP-violation measurements and assess their agreement with theoretical predictions within the Standard Model and beyond. We look forward to the great improvements in experimental precision that can be expected over the coming two decades and to the prospects for corresponding advances in theoretical understanding. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Volume 71 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Service Expansion in Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yabin Dong ◽  
Marney Coleman ◽  
Shelie A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Alternative Refrigerants ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Lower Carbon

Air conditioning and refrigeration services are increasing rapidly in developing countries due to improved living standards. The cooling services industry is currently responsible for nearly 15% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, so it is critical to investigate how the expansion of cooling services will impact future GHG emissions. In this article, we first examine the current status and expected expansion of cooling services worldwide and the associated GHG emissions. Then, we review potential improvements and innovations that could reduce future GHG emissions. Three approaches to reduce GHG emissions within the cooling sector include converting to alternative refrigerants, improving energy efficiency, and moving toward a lower-carbon electricity grid. In addition, we identify eight interventions that apply to the built environment or the food supply chain that would lead to additional GHG reductions in the cooling sector. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume 46 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Economic, Environmental, and Health Impacts of the Fracking Boom

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Jo Black ◽  
Andrew J. Boslett ◽  
Elaine L. Hill ◽  
Lala Ma ◽  
Shawn J. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Natural Gas Development ◽  
The Face ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Methodological Approaches

The shale gas boom revolutionized the energy sector through hydraulic fracturing (fracking). High levels of energy production force communities, states, and nations to consider the externalities and potential risks associated with this unconventional oil and natural gas development (UOGD). In this review, we systematically outline the environmental, economic, and anthropogenic impacts of UOGD, while also considering the diverse methodological approaches to these topics. We summarize the current status and conclusions of the academic literature, in both economic and related fields, while also providing suggested avenues for future research. Causal inference will continue to be important for the evaluation of UOGD costs and benefits. We conclude that current economic, global, and health forces may require researchers to revisit outcomes in the face of a potential shale bust. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 13 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Markets Everywhere: The Washington Consensus and the Sociology of Global Institutional Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Babb ◽  
Alexander Kentikelenis
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Washington Consensus ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Free Markets ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Historical Moment

The dominance of free markets around the world is the defining feature of contemporary globalization. This current state of affairs is historically linked to the Washington Consensus, a coordinated campaign for the global diffusion of market-oriented policies that started more than 30 years ago. In this article, we review scholarship from multiple fields to assess the origins, evolution, and current status of the Washington Consensus: Where did it come from, how did it become dominant, and what happened to it? After laying out historical background, we present three alternative perspectives on the Washington Consensus: its organizational dimension, its ideational aspects, and its relationship to a historical moment of American dominance in world affairs. We then consider current debates on what has happened to the Washington Consensus. Finally, we lay out three directions for future sociological research on global institutional change, before making our concluding observations. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 47 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Recent Advances in Food Emulsions and Engineering Foodstuffs Using Plant-Based Nanocelluloses

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Bai ◽  
Siqi Huan ◽  
Ya Zhu ◽  
Guang Chu ◽  
David Julian McClements ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Nanofibrils ◽  
Edible Films ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Pickering Emulsions ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Functional Ingredients ◽  
Potential Safety

In this article, the application of nanocelluloses, especially cellulose nanofibrils and cellulose nanocrystals, as functional ingredients in foods is reviewed. These ingredients offer a sustainable and economic source of natural plant-based nanoparticles. Nanocelluloses are particularly suitable for altering the physicochemical, sensory, and nutritional properties of foods because of their ability to create novel structures. For instance, they can adsorb to air–water or oil–water interfaces and stabilize foams or emulsions, self-assemble in aqueous solutions to form gel networks, and act as fillers or fat replacers. The functionality of nanocelluloses can be extended by chemical functionalization of their surfaces or by using them in combination with other natural food ingredients, such as biosurfactants or biopolymers. As a result, it is possible to create stimuli-responsive, tailorable, and/or active functional biomaterials suitable for a range of food applications. In this article, we describe the chemistry, structure, and physicochemical properties of cellulose as well as their relevance for the application of nanocelluloses as functional ingredients in foods. Special emphasis is given to their use as particle stabilizers in Pickering emulsions, but we also discuss their potential application for creating innovative biomaterials with novel functional attributes, such as edible films and packaging. Finally, some of the challenges associated with using nanocelluloses in foods are critically evaluated, including their potential safety and consumer acceptance. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 12 is March 25, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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