scholarly journals Impact of Photoreceptor Loss on Retinal Circuitry

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-128
Author(s):  
Joo Yeun Lee ◽  
Rachel A. Care ◽  
Luca Della Santina ◽  
Felice A. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Model ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The State ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Retinal Circuitry ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Vision Restoration ◽  
And Function

Our sense of sight relies on photoreceptors, which transduce photons into the nervous system's electrochemical interpretation of the visual world. These precious photoreceptors can be disrupted by disease, injury, and aging. Once photoreceptors start to die, but before blindness occurs, the remaining retinal circuitry can withstand, mask, or exacerbate the photoreceptor deficit and potentially be receptive to newfound therapies for vision restoration. To maximize the retina's receptivity to therapy, one must understand the conditions that influence the state of the remaining retina. In this review, we provide an overview of the retina's structure and function in health and disease. We analyze a collection of observations on photoreceptor disruption and generate a predictive model to identify parameters that influence the retina's response. Finally, we speculate on whether the retina, with its remarkable capacity to function over light levels spanning nine orders of magnitude, uses these same adaptational mechanisms to withstand and perhaps mask photoreceptor loss.

The Laryngeal Epithelium in Reflux

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Erickson-Levendoski ◽  
Mahalakshmi Sivasankar
Keyword(s):  
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Laryngeal Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The epithelium plays a critical role in the maintenance of laryngeal health. This is evident in that laryngeal disease may result when the integrity of the epithelium is compromised by insults such as laryngopharyngeal reflux. In this article, we will review the structure and function of the laryngeal epithelium and summarize the impact of laryngopharyngeal reflux on the epithelium. Research investigating the ramifications of reflux on the epithelium has improved our understanding of laryngeal disease associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux. It further highlights the need for continued research on the laryngeal epithelium in health and disease.

scholarly journals Deubiquitylating enzymes in neuronal health and disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Amer-Sarsour ◽  
Alina Kordonsky ◽  
Yevgeny Berdichevsky ◽  
Gali Prag ◽  
Avraham Ashkenazi
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Protein Homeostasis ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

AbstractUbiquitylation and deubiquitylation play a pivotal role in protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Proteostasis shapes the proteome landscape in the human brain and its impairment is linked to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Here we discuss the emerging roles of deubiquitylating enzymes in neuronal function and survival. We provide an updated perspective on the genetics, physiology, structure, and function of deubiquitylases in neuronal health and disease.

Corneal endothelium: structure and function in health and disease

2009 ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Dawson ◽  
Dayle H. Geroski ◽  
Henry F. Edelhauser
Keyword(s):  
Corneal Endothelium ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

Introduction and approach to the patient with neurological disease

2010 ◽  
pp. 4743-4745
Author(s):  
Alastair Compston
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Clinical Neurology ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
And Function

Clinical neurology uses conversation, detailed questioning and discussion, observation, structured examination, and selective investigation to formulate problems into an anatomical and pathological framework. The competent neurologist senses and probes relevant components of the history, reliably elicits the physical signs, knows which investigations are necessary and relevant, appreciates the most likely underlying diagnosis and mechanism of disease, and communicates relevant information to the patient accurately, intelligibly, and sensitively. This system has evolved over several centuries, during which much knowledge has accumulated on structure and function in health and disease, the reliability of physical signs and laboratory investigations, and the nosology of disease....

scholarly journals RESULTS FROM A 2019 SURVEY OF STATE AGENTS ON ASSISTED LIVING REGULATIONS AND TRENDS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S545-S545
Author(s):  
Brian P Kaskie ◽  
Portia Cornell ◽  
Paula Carder ◽  
Kali Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Living ◽  
State Level ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
State Agents ◽  
And Function ◽  
Question Survey

Abstract AL is regulated at the state level. Yet, little is known about the structure and function of state agencies that license and monitor AL. We fielded a 21-question survey among state agents with responsibility for AL in all 50 states. While licensure definitions of AL vary, state efforts appear uniform in regard to administrative alignment with departments of health as well as roles with facility licensing, renewal, and monitoring. However, we observed variability in the approaches used to monitor AL. While 80% of agents reported being able to issue fines for failures to meet regulatory standards, only 40% of states collected information concerning individual resident status. Only 20% issue separate licenses for providing care to persons with dementia, whereas 30% of state agents affirmed that non-licensed AL facilities were operating within their state. We consider how these varied regulatory approaches may shape facility operations and impact resident outcomes.

scholarly journals Emerging concepts in smooth muscle contributions to airway structure and function: implications for health and disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (6) ◽  
pp. L1113-L1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. S. Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Normal Lung ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Growth And Aging ◽  
And Function

Airway structure and function are key aspects of normal lung development, growth, and aging, as well as of lung responses to the environment and the pathophysiology of important diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and fibrosis. In this regard, the contributions of airway smooth muscle (ASM) are both functional, in the context of airway contractility and relaxation, as well as synthetic, involving production and modulation of extracellular components, modulation of the local immune environment, cellular contribution to airway structure, and, finally, interactions with other airway cell types such as epithelium, fibroblasts, and nerves. These ASM contributions are now found to be critical in airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling that occur in lung diseases. This review emphasizes established and recent discoveries that underline the central role of ASM and sets the stage for future research toward understanding how ASM plays a central role by being both upstream and downstream in the many interactive processes that determine airway structure and function in health and disease.

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