scholarly journals Timing during transitions in Bengalese finch song: implications for motor sequencing

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 1556-1566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd W. Troyer ◽  
Michael S. Brainard ◽  
Kristofer E. Bouchard
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Transition Probability ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Bengalese Finch ◽  
Divergence Points ◽  
Probabilistic Sequences ◽  
Action Sequencing ◽  
The Relationship

To investigate mechanisms of action sequencing, we examined the relationship between timing and sequencing of syllables in Bengalese finch song. An individual’s song comprises acoustically distinct syllables organized into probabilistic sequences: a given syllable potentially can transition to several different syllables (divergence points), and several different syllables can transition to a given syllable (convergence points). In agreement with previous studies, we found that more probable transitions at divergence points occur with shorter intersyllable gaps. One intuition for this relationship is that selection between syllables reflects a competitive branching process, in which stronger links to one syllable lead to both higher probabilities and shorter latencies for transitions to that syllable vs. competing alternatives. However, we found that simulations of competitive race models result in overlapping winning-time distributions for competing outcomes and fail to replicate the strong negative correlation between probability and gap duration found in song data. Further investigation of song structure revealed strong positive correlation between gap durations for transitions that share a common convergent point. Such transitions are not related by a common competitive process, but instead reflect a common terminal syllable. In contrast to gap durations, transition probabilities were not correlated at convergence points. Together, our data suggest that syllable selection happens early during the gap, with gap timing determined chiefly by the latency to syllable initiation. This may result from a process in which probabilistic sequencing is first stabilized, followed by a shortening of the latency to syllables that are sung more often. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Bengalese finch songs consist of probabilistic sequences of syllables. Previous studies revealed a strong negative correlation between transition probability and the duration of intersyllable gaps. We show here that the negative correlation is inconsistent with previous suggestions that timing at syllable transitions is governed by a race between competing alternatives. Rather, the data suggest that syllable selection happens early during the gap, with gap timing determined chiefly by the latency to syllable initiation.

scholarly journals Spatial Variation of the Relationship between PM2.5Concentrations and Meteorological Parameters in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Lin ◽  
Jingying Fu ◽  
Dong Jiang ◽  
Jianhua Wang ◽  
Qiao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Humid Region ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Warm Temperate

Epidemiological studies around the world have reported that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is closely associated with human health. The distribution of PM2.5concentrations is influenced by multiple geographic and socioeconomic factors. Using a remote-sensing-derived PM2.5dataset, this paper explores the relationship between PM2.5concentrations and meteorological parameters and their spatial variance in China for the period 2001–2010. The spatial variations of the relationships between the annual average PM2.5, the annual average precipitation (AAP), and the annual average temperature (AAT) were evaluated using the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model. The results indicated that PM2.5had a strong and stable correlation with meteorological parameters. In particular, PM2.5had a negative correlation with precipitation and a positive correlation with temperature. In addition, the relationship between the variables changed over space, and the strong negative correlation between PM2.5and the AAP mainly appeared in the warm temperate semihumid region and northern subtropical humid region in 2001 and 2010, with some localized differences. The strong positive correlation between the PM2.5and the AAT mainly occurred in the mid-temperate semiarid region, the humid, semihumid, and semiarid warm temperate regions, and the northern subtropical humid region in 2001 and 2010.

scholarly journals The effects of cardiac rehabilitation on haemodynamic parameters measured by impedance cardiography in patients with coronary artery disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 126-126
Author(s):  
Milovan Stojanovic ◽  
Marina Deljanin-Ilic ◽  
Stevan Ilic ◽  
Dejan Petrovic ◽  
Bojan Ilic
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Impedance Cardiography ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Physical Strain ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Strain Tolerance ◽  
Artery Disease

Background / Aim. Well-organized cardiovascular rehabilitation (CVR) reduces cardiovascular burden by influencing cardiovascular risk factors, improving the quality of life and reducing mortality and hospital readmission. However, its effects on hemodynamic status are largely unknown. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of three-week CVR program on hemodynamic status and to investigate if there is a correlation between physical strain tolerance and hemodynamic parameters measured by impedance cardiography (ICG) before and after CVR program in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods. Fifty-two patients attended a three-week CVR program. At the beginning and at the end of rehabilitation program laboratory tests, exercise stress tests (EST) and ICG measurements were taken. Results. Patients showed better strain tolerance on the second exercise stress test (EST2) by achieving higher strain level (Z=2,315; p=0,021) and longer duration of test (Z=2,305; p=0,021). There was a strong positive correlation between the level of EST2 and cardiac output (CO) (r=0,538; p<0,001) and stroke volume (SV) (r=0,380; p=0,017) on the second ICG (ICG2). Also, there was a strong negative correlation between EST2 level and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (r=-0,472; p=0,002) and SVR index (SSVRI) (r=-0,407; p=0,010) on ICG2. There was a strong positive correlation between EST2 duration and CO (r=0.517; p=0.001) as well as between EST2 duration and SV (r=0.340; p=0.034), and a strong negative correlation between EST2 duration and SVR (r=-0.504; p=0.001) as well as between EST2 duration and SVRI (r=-0.448; p=0.004), according to ICG2. Conclusion. Our study showed that a well-designed CVR program can lead to better physical strain tolerance. Furthermore, CVR led to a significant positive correlation between EST and cardiac output as well as between EST and stroke volume measured by ICG. On the other hand, there was a significant negative correlation between EST and vascular related parameters according to ICG at the end of the CVR program.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Water Quality and Phytoplankton Abundance at The Eastern Part of Segara Anakan Cilacap, Central Java

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hasby Ghoni Asiddiqi ◽  
Agatha Sih Piranti ◽  
Erwin Ardli Riyanto
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Physical Factor ◽  
Phytoplankton Abundance ◽  
Chemical Factor ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Primary Producer ◽  
The Relationship

Phytoplankton is the primary producer whose existence depends not only on the nutrient. The eastern part of Segara Anakan waters experienced changes where the decline in quality which received input from organic and inorganic wastes and residential, industrial and factory wastes of Holcim and Pertamina factories. The purpose of this research is to study the water quality and to study the relationship between water quality and abundance of phytoplankton at the eastern part of Segara Anakan. The result showed that Water quality in Segara Anakan waters in the eastern part of Cilacap consists of several parameters that beyond the quality standards according to the Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No. 51 of 2004 such as pH, Nitrate, Ammonia, Phosphate, and TSS. Water temperature is a physical factor which has a strong negative correlation with the abundance of phytoplankton, followed by TSS as a physical factor which has a positive correlation. The chemical factor which has a positive correlation with abundance are TDS, Nitrite and pH, followed by Phosphate, Salinity, Ammonia, and Nitrate which has a negative correlation with the abundance of phytoplankton. Key Words: Environmental factor, phytoplankton, Segara Anakan, Spatial variation, temporal variation.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Sperm Quality and Male Reproductive Hormones Among Male Partners with Fertility Complications: Attending CHUB

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-328
Author(s):  
Herbert Mapira Tendayi ◽  
Jerome Ndayisenga ◽  
Solange Nyiramahirwe ◽  
Jacqueline Mukanshuti ◽  
Valens Karenzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Male Partners ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Correlation

Background Infertility remains a highly prevalent global condition in the second decade of the new millennium. Reproductive hormones determine sperm quality as they initiate and maintain spermatogenesis. Hormonal imbalance can cause abnormal sperm quality that can be treated by hormonal replacement therapy. Objective To assess the relationship between sperm quality and male reproductive hormones among male partners with fertility complications attending CHUB. Methods The study was a descriptive cross-sectional, and a convenient sampling strategy was used to recruit subjects at CHUB. Sixty-two male subjects with fertility complications provided both semen and blood sample to analyze sperm quality and reproductive hormones. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data. Results Both FSH and LH showed a strong negative correlation with sperm count which is more profound with FSH (r= -0.722) than LH (r= -0.545). Testosterone showed a strong positive correlation with sperm count (r= 0.712). FSH and LH showed a negative correlation with sperm motility which is more profound in FSH (r= -0.312) than LH (r= -0.302). Testosterone also showed a positive correlation with sperm motility (r= 0.360). Conclusion Our study found a correlation between sperm quality and male reproductive hormones. We further suggest other studies to investigate predictive power of male reproductive hormones. Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2020;3(3):315-328

scholarly journals The correlation between spinal and chest wall deformities and pulmonary function in Marfan syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-348
Author(s):  
Hila Otremski ◽  
Roger F. Widmann ◽  
Mary F. Di Maio ◽  
Dror Ovadia
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Marfan Syndrome ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Spinal Deformity ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Chest Wall Deformity ◽  
Moderate Negative Correlation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Scoliosis, chest wall deformities and pulmonary involvement are common features of Marfan syndrome (MFS). We aimed to assess the impact of spinal and chest wall deformities on pulmonary function in paediatric MFS patients with a surgically managed spinal deformity. Methods In this multicentre retrospective study, spirometry, lung volumes and radiographic imaging were performed on 26 MFS patients between the ages of seven and 18 years who were undergoing planned spinal fusion surgery for spinal deformity. A correlation analysis assessed the relationship between radiographic measurements of spinal and chest wall deformities and predicted total lung capacity (TLC), forced vital capacity (FVC) and the ratio between forced expiratory volume in one second and FVC (FEV1/FVC). Results In total, 18 patients (70%) had impaired pulmonary function. Thoracic kyphosis (mean 19.3°; -32° to 54°) had a strong positive correlation with FEV1/FVC (r = 0.65; p < 0.001). Significant decrease in FEV1/FVC below 80% occurred at kyphosis under 15° (p = 0.004). Kyphosis had a moderate negative correlation with FVC (r = -0.43; p = 0.03). Chest wall deformity had a strong negative correlation with FEV1/FVC (r = -0.61; p = 0.001). The magnitude of the thoracic curve (mean 55.2°; 28° to 92°) had a significant moderate negative correlation with TLC (r = -0.45; p = 0.04). Conclusion In MFS, three factors correlate with decreased pulmonary function measures: hypokyphosis, increasing chest wall deformity and increasing coronal curve magnitude. Hypokyphosis and increased chest wall deformity correlated with diminished FEV1/FVC; increasing thoracic spinal curvature with diminished TLC. Further analysis with a larger cohort will help better define the relationship between these deformities and pulmonary function in this unique population. Level of Evidence IV

scholarly journals Association between lung function, thoracoabdominal mobility and posture in cystic fibrosis: pilot study

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisca Pereira Pinto ◽  
Gustavo Vieira Paterlini de Souza ◽  
Karine Jacon Sarro ◽  
Cintia Carvalho Bragança Garcia ◽  
Flávia Marini Paro
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Horizontal Alignment ◽  
Postural Alignment ◽  
Postural Assessment

Abstract Introduction: Deterioration of lung function is the main cause of mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF), so it is essential to study different related factors. Objective: To assess the association of pulmonary function with thoracoabdominal mobility and postural alignment in individuals with CF. Method: A cross-sectional study was performed in individuals with CF (8-17 years). Pulmonary function was assessed by spirometry. Thoracoabdominal mobility and postural alignment were evaluated by photogrammetry using the Postural Assessment Software (PAS/Sapo). Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was performed, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The following spirometric variables showed a decrease compared to predicted values: FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF and FEF25-75%. Postural assessment showed alterations in head horizontal alignment (HHA; 2.71 ± 2.23o), acromion horizontal alignment (AHA; 1.33 ± 1.35o), anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) horizontal alignment (ASISHA; 1.11 ± 0.89o), angle between acromia and ASIS (AAASIS; 0.89 ± 0.39o), scapula horizontal asymmetry - T3 (SHAT3; 16.95 ± 12.03%), and asymmetry of the projection of the center of gravity within the base of support in the frontal (11.45 ± 8.10%) and sagittal (48.98 ± 18.55%) planes. A strong positive correlation was found between pulmonary function and thoracoabdominal mobility in the variables anteroposterior mobility of the upper chest (APMUC) and FVC (r = 0.818, p = 0.024), APMUC and FEV1 (r = 0.874, p = 0.010), and APMUC and FEF25-75% (r = 0.797, p = 0.032). A strong negative correlation was detected between FEV1/FVC and AHA (r = -0.761, p = 0.047). Conclusion: Our study showed in CF a reduction in pulmonary function, strong positive correlation between APMUC and pulmonary function, high prevalence of kyphoscoliosis and strong negative correlation between AHA and pulmonary function.

scholarly journals Influence of weather factors on the abundance and population dynamics of Spodoptera litura F. and Pieris brassicae L. on cabbage

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
MMH Khan ◽  
S Talukder
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Minimum Relative Humidity

In order to study the influence of weather factors on the abundance and population dynamics of Spodoptera litura F. and Pieris brassicae L. on cabbage, a field experiment was conducted. Larval population of S. litura ranged from 0.56 to 1.57 larvae/plant during 8 January to 12 February 2014 crop season while the highest peak was on 5 February 2014 (1.57 larvae/plant) at 29.5 0C temperature. In case of Pieris brassicae, larval population ranged from 0.58 to1.98 larvae/plant and the highest peak of P. brassicae was also on 5 February. The highest peak was on 5 February 2014 at 96% and 38% relative humidity of both maximum and minimum categories and the highest peak of P. brassicae was on 5 February. There was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.824 and r = 0.920) between population of Spodoptera litura and temperature (maximum and minimum). On the other hand, there was a negative correlation (r = -0.439) between population of S. litura and maximum relative humidity and a strong negative correlation (r = - 0.716) between population of S. litura and minimum relative humidity. The population of Pieris brassicae was positively correlated (r = 0.899 and r = 0.956) with maximum and minimum temperatures. There was a negative correlation (r = -0.443) between population of P. brassicae and maximum relative humidity and a strong negative correlation (r = - 0.645) between population of P. brassicae and minimum relative humidity.SAARC J. Agri., 15(1): 13-21 (2017)

scholarly journals An examination of jump kinematics in dogs over increasing hurdle heights

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Birch ◽  
A. Carter ◽  
J. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Dorsal Aspect ◽  
Dorsal Extension

Research examining kinematic parameters of the canine athlete is markedly behind equivalent human and equine research. With increasing participation and popularity, canine sports science needs to bridge this gap with comparable equine research. The aim of this study was to examine changes to specific kinematic parameters as hurdle height increases. Twenty border collies and border collie crosses were analysed jumping over a single hurdle at increasing heights, starting with a pole on the floor and increasing to a maximum height of 65 cm. Length of trajectory and jump speed were analysed, alongside apparent (without the use of markers) neck, lumbar spine and shoulder angles using Dartfish software. For each dog, the percentage of the hurdle height in relation to their height at the dorsal aspect of the scapula (withers) was used to normalise the dogs evenly. Overall jump speed decreased as percentage height increased (P<0.001), with a strong negative correlation between the two (r=-0.815). Length of trajectory significantly increased with percentage height (P<0.001) with a strong positive correlation between the two (r=0.740). However, length of trajectory decreased when a dog jumped ≥126% of its height to the withers. This is supported by a significantly more flexed apparent neck angle upon landing at this percentage height (P<0.001). Apparent lumbar spine angles showed greater dorsal extension upon landing as percentage height increased (P<0.001). Apparent shoulder angles become significantly more flexed as percentage height increased during the suspension phase of the jump (P<0.001). These results suggest that dogs significantly alter their jump kinematics as hurdle height increases.

Data flows and the digital economy: information as a mobile factor of production

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Mueller ◽  
Karl Grindal
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Information Flows ◽  
Web Traffic ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Data Flows ◽  
Balance Of Trade

Purpose This paper aims to analyze the direction and balance of transnational information flows and look at how nonpriced digital information exchanges related to international trade in goods and services. Design/methodology/approach The authors obtained quantitative data about Web-related data flows between countries and regions using Telegeography data on “Server Location as a Percentage of Top Websites.” They then explore how those flows are correlated to trade in goods. Findings Web traffic is highly transnational. More than half of the top 100 websites in 9 of the world’s 13 sub-regions are hosted in the USA. More than 15 per cent of the top 100 websites in 9 of the 13 subregions are hosted in Western Europe. East Asia has the largest negative balance in the relationship between incoming and outgoing Web requests. The authors found a very strong negative correlation (−0.878) between Web traffic balances and the balance of trade in goods across all subregions. A similarly strong positive correlation was found with services trade; however, the incompleteness of the data does not allow for strong conclusions yet. Research limitations/implications Further research is needed to correlate Web traffic flows with capital flows. The authors also do not have a well-developed theory to explain the strong negative correlation between information flows and goods trade. Practical implications The data and analysis have useful implications for digital economy policy. It indicates that digital protectionism of the sort practice by China may succeed in increasing domestic producers’ share of Web requests, but does not make them globally competitive. The strong negative correlation between the balance of unpriced Web information and the balance of trade in goods indicates interdependence rather than domination, challenging narratives that information flow imbalances are caused by market power of the big platforms. Social implications The paper demonstrates the degree to which unpriced digital exchanges are transnational and how various countries are more or less globally competitive in the supply of information that the rest of the world finds attractive. Originality/value No other published papers have used the data on website traffic data, and previous research has not explored empirically the correlation between information flows and goods trade.

Relationships between milk fatty acid profiles and enteric methane production in dairy cattle fed grass- or grass silage-based diets

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dijkstra ◽  
S. van Gastelen ◽  
E. C. Antunes-Fernandes ◽  
D. Warner ◽  
B. Hatew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Methane Yield ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Grass Silage

We quantified relationships between methane production and milk fatty acid (FA) profile in dairy cattle fed grass- or grass silage-based diets, and determined whether recent prediction equations for methane, based on a wide variety of diets, are applicable to grass- and grass silage-based diets. Data from three studies were used, encompassing four grass herbage and 14 grass silage treatments and 132 individual cow observations. Methane production was measured using respiration chambers and milk fatty acids (FAs) analysed using gas chromatography. The proportion of grass or grass silage (dry matter (DM) basis) was 0.80 ± 0.037. Methane yield averaged 22.3 ± 2.10 g/kg DM intake (DMI) and 14.2 ± 2.90 g/kg fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM). Mixed model univariate regression including a random study effect on intercept was applied to predict methane yield, with individual milk FA concentrations (g/100 g FA) as fixed effects. Of the 42 milk FAs identified, no single FA had a strong positive correlation (r; strong correlation defined as |r| ≥ 0.50) with methane yield (g/kg DMI), and cis-12 C18:1 and cis-9,12,15 C18:3 had a strong negative correlation with methane yield (g/kg DMI). C14:0 iso, C15:0, C15:0 iso, C15:0 anteiso, C16:0, C20:0, cis-11,14 C20:2, cis-5,8,11,14 C20:4, C22:0, cis-7,10,13,16,19 C22:5 and C24:0 had a strong positive correlation with methane yield (g/kg FPCM), and trans-15+cis-11 C18:1, cis-9 C18:1, and cis-11 C20:1 had a strong negative correlation with methane yield (g/kg FPCM). Observed methane yield was compared with methane yield predicted by the equations of van Lingen et al. (2014; Journal of Dairy Science 97, 7115–7132). These equations did not accurately predict methane yield as grams per kilogram DMI (concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) = 0.13) or as grams per kilogram FPCM (CCC = 0.22), in particular related to large differences in standard deviation between predicted and observed values. In conclusion, quantitative relationships between milk FA profile and methane yield in cattle fed grass- or grass silage-based diets differ from those determined for other types of diets.

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