Identification of histaminergic neurons in Aplysia

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 736-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Elste ◽  
J. Koester ◽  
E. Shapiro ◽  
P. Panula ◽  
J. H. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Presynaptic Inhibition ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Cerebral Ganglion ◽  
Abdominal Ganglion ◽  
Serotonergic Neuron ◽  
Histaminergic Neurons ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Bag Cells ◽  
The Right

1. We have identified putative histaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of Aplysia californica by light-microscopic autoradiography after uptake of [3H]histamine and by immunohistochemistry with the use of an antibody specific for histamine. 2. In the cerebral ganglion cells previously shown to contain histamine (C2 and 2 large neighboring cells in the E cluster and a group of smaller cells in the L cluster) were identified both by uptake of [3H]histamine and by histamine immunoreactivity. The identification of C2 was confirmed by experiments in which individual C2s were characterized electrophysiologically and injected with Lucifer yellow before processing for immunohistochemistry. The giant serotonergic neuron did not take up [3H]histamine and was not immunoreactive. 3. In the abdominal ganglion two clusters of cells--one in the left hemiganglion and the other in the right--took up [3H]histamine and were histamine immunoreactive. These clusters are located in the regions occupied by the 30 identified respiratory interneurons, R25 and L25. Individual cells in the R25 and L25 clusters were identified electrophysiologically, marked by injection of Lucifer yellow, and processed for immunocytochemistry. Eleven of the 30 L25 cells examined (from 7 ganglia) and 2 of the 25 R25 cells (from 6 ganglia) that had been marked with Lucifer yellow were also histamine immunoreactive. 4. Also in the abdominal ganglion, identified cells in the L32 cluster were not histamine immunoreactive and did not take up [3H]histamine. These interneurons, which mediate presynaptic inhibition, had previously been considered histaminergic. Neurons in the ganglion known to use transmitters other than histamine (L10, R2, RB cells, and bag cells) were not histamine immunoreactive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Multiple, prolonged actions of neuroendocrine bag cells on neurons in Aplysia. I. Effects on bursting pacemaker neurons

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 1165-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Mayeri ◽  
P. Brownell ◽  
W. D. Branton ◽  
S. B. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Spike Activity ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Abdominal Ganglion ◽  
Normal Expression ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Bag Cells ◽  
Local Stimulation

1. The bag cells are a group of neuroendocrine cells located in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia. Accumulated evidence suggests they synthesize and release egg-laying hormone (ELH), a peptide that induces egg laying. In this and the following paper (37) we describe five types of prolonged neural responses in cells of the isolated abdominal ganglion that are produced by stimulated bag cell activity. 2. Prolonged, 5- to 40-min bursts of spike activity were triggered in the normally silent bag cells by local stimulation of one of the bag cell clusters with brief, 0.6- to 2-strains of pulses. This local stimulation minimized the possible effects of the stimulus on other ganglion cells and initiated bag cell activity similar to what has been recorded in intact animals at the initiation of egg laying. 3. Following onset of triggered bag cell activity there is an increase in the amplitude of the bursting pacemaker potential in cell R15 that results in augmented bursting activity in this autoactive cell for up to 3 h. The increase begins in less than 1 min and reaches a maximim after 8--20 min. In two other bursting pacemaker cells, L3 and L6, there is a second type of response, slow inhibition, consisting of a smoothly graded hyperpolarization that begins in 5--14 s, reaches a peak value of 10--20 mV after 30 s, and results in a decrease in the spontaneous spike activity of these cells for 3 h or longer. Both types of responses are contingent on the occurrence of bag cell activity, they depend on prolonged bag cell activity for their normal expression, and they occur in the absence of the fast interactions characteristic of conventional synapses. 4. The results reveal at the level of intracellular recordings prolonged actions of peptide-secreting neuroendocrine cells on the central nervous system. The role of ELH as a putative mediator of one or more of these actions is discussed.

Anatomical studies of central regeneration of an identified molluscan interneuron

1985 ◽  
Vol 226 (1243) ◽  
pp. 135-157 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Target Cell ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Intracellular Injection ◽  
Neuritic Outgrowth ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Axon Branch ◽  
The Right

Regeneration of the giant interneuron R. Pe. D. 1 within the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis was studied by intracellular injection of Lucifer Yellow. The major axon of R. Pe. D. 1 was severed by crushing the right–pleural–parietal connective and this initiates prolific sprouting from the proximal axon segment. Regeneration is highly specific in that neurites extend posteriorly across the crush site into regions of the c. n. s. where previously disconnected follower cells of R. Pe. D. 1 are located and project specifically to those nerve trunks that normally contain an axon branch of R. Pe. D. 1. Neurites also extend however, into regions of the anterior c. n. s. that are not normally occupied by R. Pe. D. 1 processes. This novel growth is a consistent consequence of lesioning the right pleural–parietal connective. Neuritic outgrowth is rapid, approximately 360–400 μm d -1 and processes reach the former target cell regions in the posterior c. n. s. within three or four days. The extent of the regenerative response shown by the interneuron was found to depend upon the site of lesion of its major axon within the c. n. s. Novel sprouting, for instance, was particularly extensive in preparations where the R. Pe. D. 1 axon was severed close to the soma but entirely absent when axotomy was carried out distally within the posterior c. n. s. Regenerating neurites are able to extend to the former target cell areas via an alternative pathway through the left side of the c. n. s. when regrowth via the normal right-hand route is prevented.

Presynaptic inhibition in the crayfish CNS: pathways and synaptic mechanisms

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1305-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Presynaptic Inhibition ◽  
Escape Behavior ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Abdominal Ganglion ◽  
Primary Afferent Depolarization ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Primary Input ◽  
Primary Afferent ◽  
Afferent Terminals

I studied the pathways that produce primary afferent depolarization (PAD) and presynaptic inhibition during crayfish escape behavior. Simultaneous intracellular recordings were obtained from interneurons and primary afferent axons in the neuropil of the sixth abdominal ganglion. In several experiments, a sucrose-gap recording of PAD accompanied the intracellular impalements. I have identified PAD-producing inhibitory interneurons (PADIs) that are fired by a single impulse in the lateral (LG) or medial (MG) giant, escape-command axons; the PADIs appear to be directly responsible for presynaptic inhibition of primary afferent input to identified mechanosensory interneurons. PADI spikes, elicited by injection of depolarizing current, produced unitary PAD with constant short latency (mean = 0.97 +/- 0.12 SD ms). The unitary PADs were capable of following PADI impulses one for one at frequencies greater than 100 Hz, and the amplitude of unitary PAD was increased by injection of chloride into the afferent terminals. Therefore, the PADIs appear to directly produce an increase in chloride conductance in the primary afferent terminals. Intracellular injections of Lucifer yellow or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) revealed three morphological types of PADI. Their axonal branches and terminals are bilateral and overlap extensively with the innervation fields of all 10 sensory roots of the sixth ganglion. The three morphological types of PADI were physiologically indistinguishable. In several cases, the impaled PADI was shown to produce unitary PAD in more than one afferent of a given root as well as in afferents of adjacent roots. Therefore, the PADIs appear to diverge widely and contact many afferents in all of the sixth-ganglion sensory roots. Stimulation, caudal to the fifth ganglion, of an MG that had been interrupted rostral to the fifth ganglion produced no PAD in sixth-ganglion afferents. Also, stimulation of an MG or an LG in a surgically isolated sixth abdominal ganglion failed to produce PAD. Therefore, the pathway between the MGs and PADIs is activated exclusively within the rostral abdominal ganglia. Direct stimulation in the second and third abdominal ganglia of the segmental giants (SGs) produced a polysynaptic, suprathreshold response in the PADIs. This response was compound and was not due to the activity of the identified corollary discharge interneurons, CDI-2 and CDI-3, that are fired by the SGs. Therefore, the primary input to the PADIs must come from other, unidentified CDIs that are driven by the SGs. PADIs were not fired by shocks to the sensory portions of any peripheral roots even though these shocks produced PAD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Multiple, prolonged actions of neuroendocrine bag cells on neurons in Aplysia. II. Effects on beating pacemaker and silent neurons

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 1185-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Mayeri ◽  
P. Brownell ◽  
W. D. Branton
Keyword(s):  
Spike Activity ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Bag Cells ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

1. A survey of identified cells of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia was undertaken to determine the extent of bag cell influence in the ganglion. Bursts of bag cell spike activity lasting 5--40 min were elicited by brief, 0.6- to 2 s local stimulation while recording simultaneously from bag cells and other ganglion cells with intracellular electrodes. 2. Slow inhibition occurs in giant cell R2, neurosecretory cells R3-R14, and ink-gland motoneurons, L14A, B, C. The cells remain hyperpolarized for from 15 to 60 min. 3. Transient excitation occurs in mechanoreceptor cells L1 and R1. The cells are strongly depolarized by a slow excitatory potential that lasts for about 10 min and produces spike activity for 3--7 min. 4. Prolonged excitation occurs in some cells of the LB and LC identified cell clusters. The cells are depolarized and spike activity is increased for 3 h or more. 5. A biphasic response occasionally occurs in the command interneuron L10. Inhibition of this cell lasts 10--15 min and is followed by excitation for several hours. Excitation is accompanied by facilitation of synaptic potentials for 40--60 min in cells innervated by L10; the facilitation apparently results from the increase in L10 firing rate. 6. The results indicate that the bag cells have multiple types of actions and affect large numbers of ganglion neurons. All effects have the slowly graded onsets and prolonged durations to be expected of hormonally mediated interactions. 7. Previous studies have indicated that in intact animals the bag cell burst discharge initates a stereotyped egg-laying behavioral pattern that persists for several hours (3, 27). The present data support the hypothesis that certain elements of egg-laying behavior and homeostasis are regulated by a direct action of the bag cells on the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Neural Control of Heart Beat in the African Giant Snail, Achatina Fulica Ferussac: II. Interconnections Among the Heart Regulatory Neurones

1987 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-307
Author(s):  
YASUO FURUKAWA ◽  
MAKOTO KOBARASHI
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Electrical Coupling ◽  
Cerebral Ganglion ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Achatina Fulica ◽  
Visceral Ganglion ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
African Giant Snail

The synaptic connections between identified heart regulatory neurones were examined in the central nervous system of the African giant snail, Achatina fulica Férussac. Two cerebral ganglion cells, the dorsal right and left cerebral distinct neurones (d-RCDN and d-LCDN), were found to have excitatory connections with several neurones in the suboesophageal ganglia (the periodically oscillating neurone, PON, the tonically autoactive neurones, TAN, TAN-2 and TAN-3, and the visceral intermittent firing neurone, VIN) and the connections are probably monosynaptic. VIN had a weak electrical coupling with PON. VIN inhibited TAN, TAN-2 and TAN-3, and the connections were considered to be monosynaptic. At the same time, TAN, TAN-2, TAN-3 and the visceral ganglion neurone (VG1) inhibited PON and VIN although the connections are unlikely to be monosynaptic. Another neurone in the pedal ganglia, the dorsal left pedal large neurone (d-LPeLN), was found to excite PON, VIN, TAN, TAN-2 and TAN-3. These connections were not monosynaptic. These results are interpreted in relation to heart regulation in Achatina.

scholarly journals Neural Control of Heart Beat in the African Giant Snail, Achatina Fulica Férussac: I. Identification of the Heart Regulatory Neurones

1987 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-293
Author(s):  
FURUKAWA YASUO
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cerebral Ganglion ◽  
Firing Frequency ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
Achatina Fulica ◽  
Visceral Ganglion ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Firing ◽  
African Giant Snail

Seven heart regulatory neurones (PON, TAN, TAN-2, TAN-3, d-RCDN, d-LCDN and VG1) were identified in the central nervous system of the African giant snail, Achatina fulica Férussac. Among these neurones, the periodically oscillating neurone (PON) was the most effective heart excitor, producing heart excitation at rather low firing frequencies. The tonically autoactive neurones (TAN, TAN-2 and TAN-3) were tonically firing neurones and their spontaneous activity was found to produce tonic heart excitation which supplemented the myogenic heart activity. There was some evidence that two cerebral ganglion cells (the dorsal right and left cerebral distinct neurones, d-RCDN and d-LCDN) were also likely to be heart excitors although the direct connection to the heart was somewhat doubtful in some specimens. No direct inhibitory neurone was found, but the high firing frequency of the visceral ganglion neurone (VG1) usually produced heart inhibition.

Morphology and electrophysiology of the ovulation hormone producing neuro-endocrine cells of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.)

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-271
Author(s):  
T. A. de Vlieger ◽  
K. S. Kits ◽  
A. ter Maat ◽  
J. C. Lodder
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Cerebral Ganglion ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Bag Cells ◽  
Repetitive Electrical Stimulation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dorsal Cells ◽  
Stimulation Of

The ovulation hormone producing neuro-endocrine cells of Lymnaea stagnalis, the caudo-dorsal cells (CDC), are comparable to the bag cells of Aplysia. Both cell types are capable of the production of a long-lasting activity (afterdischarge) during which an ovulation hormone is released. The CDC (30 cells in the left cerebral ganglion and 70 cells in the right) are usually electrically silent but an afterdischarge can be brought about in all cells of both groups by direct, repetitive electrical stimulation of single CDC. This is not possible in every preparation, indicating that the CDC can be in different states of excitability. All cells participate in the afterdischarge and fire approximately synchronously. All CDC are electrotonically connected. Results of experiments in which neurones were injected with horseradish peroxidase suggest that the demonstrated electrotonic connexions between the two opposite groups of CDC are brought about by 10-12 special axons.

scholarly journals The Nutrition of the Central Nervous System in the Cockroach Periplaneta Americana L

1960 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-512
Author(s):  
V. B. WIGGLESWORTH
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Abdominal Ganglion ◽  
The Central Nervous System

1. The histology of the last abdominal ganglion and the cercal nerves and connectives of the cockroach are briefly described. Attention is called to the large cavities, termed the ‘glial lacunar system’, that are present in the glial cell layer of the ganglion; and to the branching filaments of collagen-like material which are laid down within the glial membranes and trabeculae of the ganglia and nerves. 2. Glycogen is stored in large amounts in the perineurium cells, and in small amounts in the interaxonal glial membranes in the neuropile and nerves. Invaginations of the plasma membrane of the large ganglion cells (the ‘trophospongium’) are apparently concerned in the transfer of glycogen. Invaginations and glycogen deposits increase progressively towards the base of the axon. 3. Very small amounts of triglycerides are stored in the ganglion. There are traces only in the perineurium cells; rather more in the glial cells. The invaginations of the glial cells into the large ganglion cells seem to be concerned also in the transfer of lipids to the neurones.

Objective Measurement of Sustained Pupillary Constriction: A Pilot Study Using an App-Based Pupilometer

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-63
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Objective Measurement ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Pupillary Reaction ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous Systems ◽  
Pupillary Constriction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

Background: The pupillary reaction is controlled by the two main branches of the autonomic nervous system, namely the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. New discoveries in pupil research has identified that intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells have an impact on pupillary constriction, particularly sustained pupillary constriction. In the current paper, an objective measurement of sustained pupillary constriction versus the inability to maintain sustained pupillary constriction are observed. The variability in the sustained pupillary constriction, i.e. Alpha Omega pupil, can be objectively identified with the use of modern technology. Case Examples: Two female subjects were adapted to dim illumination, and then two objective pupil measurements of the right eye using Reflex – PLR Analyzer by BrightLamp© (Indianapolis, IN, USA) with sustained illumination were obtained. Subject 1, a 25 year-old-female, demonstrated normal ability of the pupil to constrict and sustain constriction for 10 seconds. She was used as a control for subject 2. Subject 2, a 27 year-old-female, demonstrated the inability to sustain pupillary constriction. She reported being under great psychological stress. Her pupil began to re-dilate between 2 and 3 seconds after the initial constriction. Conclusion: Objective pupillometry can be used to assist in many diagnoses and provides the clinician invaluable information on the state of the individual, and qualifications of sustained pupillary constriction can now be assessed in an objective manner.

scholarly journals Rapid multi-directed cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santhosh Sethuramanujam ◽  
Akihiro Matsumoto ◽  
Geoff deRosenroll ◽  
Benjamin Murphy-Baum ◽  
J Michael McIntosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Cholinergic Transmission ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Mechanisms

AbstractIn many parts of the central nervous system, including the retina, it is unclear whether cholinergic transmission is mediated by rapid, point-to-point synaptic mechanisms, or slower, broad-scale ‘non-synaptic’ mechanisms. Here, we characterized the ultrastructural features of cholinergic connections between direction-selective starburst amacrine cells and downstream ganglion cells in an existing serial electron microscopy data set, as well as their functional properties using electrophysiology and two-photon acetylcholine (ACh) imaging. Correlative results demonstrate that a ‘tripartite’ structure facilitates a ‘multi-directed’ form of transmission, in which ACh released from a single vesicle rapidly (~1 ms) co-activates receptors expressed in multiple neurons located within ~1 µm of the release site. Cholinergic signals are direction-selective at a local, but not global scale, and facilitate the transfer of information from starburst to ganglion cell dendrites. These results suggest a distinct operational framework for cholinergic signaling that bears the hallmarks of synaptic and non-synaptic forms of transmission.

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