Silicon Detector System for X-Ray Pulse Calorimetry of Laser-Produced Plasmas*

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. McQuaid ◽  
C. E. Violet ◽  
J. Petruzzi
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Detector ◽  
Direct Conversion ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Electron Pairs ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
X Ray ◽  
New Type ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Readout Scheme ◽  
Charge Sensitive Preamplifier

AbstractThe instrumentation for measuring x-ray yields from laser produced plasma is described. This new type of calorimeter is composed of a silicon detector, a charge-sensitive preamplifier and an analog-to-digital readout scheme for multiplexing up to ten detector outputs.X-rays interacting with the detector produce hole-electron pairs in proportion to the total energy lost in the detector (∼1012 eV). In this application the detector can be characterized as a solid-state ionization chamber. The detector signal is coupled to a charge-sensitive preamplifier which generates a voltage pulse proportional to the x-ray energy absorbed. In this way the x-ray energy is measured by “direct conversion” rather than measuring the temperature rise due to an energy flux.

Low Temperature Phase Transition (Pt) and Defect Formation (Df) in Silicon with Dioxide Inclusions Under X-Ray Irradiation

1995 ◽  
Vol 396 ◽  
Author(s):  
SH.M. Makhkamov ◽  
S.N. Abdurakhmanova
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Charge Exchange ◽  
Defect Formation ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Temperature Phase ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Charge Exchange Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Temperature Phase Transition ◽  
A Charge

AbstractStudies of galvanomagnetic and electrical parameters of p- type Si : SiO2 in the temperature range 80 – 400 K have shown that X-ray irradiation at 80 K (Mo Ka,β and braking radiation hvmax. = 50 heV) leads to various transformations of the spectrum of electron- hole states in the band gap of such material, depending on the flux density of the X-rays. Two main processes are observed: the defect (vacancy and divacancy) formation and a charge exchange of native defects localized at the Si – SiO2 interface. The charge exchange process is rather collective and stimulated one because it is in response to an X-ray-induced ferroelectric phase transition in the SiO2- phase.

scholarly journals Micrometer-resolution imaging using MÖNCH: towards G2-less grating interferometry

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1462-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Cartier ◽  
Matias Kagias ◽  
Anna Bergamaschi ◽  
Zhentian Wang ◽  
Roberto Dinapoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Silicon Detector ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Charge Cloud ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
Hybrid Silicon ◽  
Small Pixel

MÖNCH is a 25 µm-pitch charge-integrating detector aimed at exploring the limits of current hybrid silicon detector technology. The small pixel size makes it ideal for high-resolution imaging. With an electronic noise of about 110 eV r.m.s., it opens new perspectives for many synchrotron applications where currently the detector is the limiting factor,e.g.inelastic X-ray scattering, Laue diffraction and soft X-ray or high-resolution color imaging. Due to the small pixel pitch, the charge cloud generated by absorbed X-rays is shared between neighboring pixels for most of the photons. Therefore, at low photon fluxes, interpolation algorithms can be applied to determine the absorption position of each photon with a resolution of the order of 1 µm. In this work, the characterization results of one of the MÖNCH prototypes are presented under low-flux conditions. A custom interpolation algorithm is described and applied to the data to obtain high-resolution images. Images obtained in grating interferometry experiments without the use of the absorption grating G2are shown and discussed. Perspectives for the future developments of the MÖNCH detector are also presented.

scholarly journals Destruction of tumor mass by gadolinium-loaded nanoparticles irradiated with monochromatic X-rays: Implications for the Auger therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kotaro Matsumoto ◽  
Hiroyuki Saitoh ◽  
Tan Le Hoang Doan ◽  
Ayumi Shiro ◽  
Keigo Nakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Tumor Spheroids ◽  
Tumor Mass ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Complete Destruction ◽  
New Type ◽  
Efficient Uptake ◽  
A Site ◽  
Shell Energy

Abstract Synchrotron generated monochromatic X-rays can be precisely tuned to the K-shell energy of high Z materials resulting in the release of the Auger electrons. In this work, we have employed this mechanism to destruct tumor spheroids. We first loaded gadolinium onto the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) producing gadolinium-loaded MSN (Gd-MSN). When Gd-MSN was added to the tumor spheroids, we observed efficient uptake and uniform distribution of Gd-MSN. Gd-MSN also can be taken up into cancer cells and localize to a site just outside of the cell nucleus. Exposure of the Gd-MSN containing tumor spheroids to monochromatic X-ray beams resulted in almost complete destruction. Importantly, this effect was observed at an energy level of 50.25 keV, but not with 50.0 keV. These results suggest that it is possible to use precisely tuned monochromatic X-rays to destruct tumor mass loaded with high Z materials, while sparing other cells. Our experiments point to the importance of nanoparticles to facilitate loading of gadolinium to tumor spheroids and to localize at a site close to the nucleus. Because the nanoparticles can target to tumor, our study opens up the possibility of developing a new type of radiation therapy for cancer.

Use Of A Solid-State Detector for the Analysis of X-Rays Excited in Silicate Rocks by Alpha-Particle Bombardment

1971 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 388-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest J. Franzgrote
Keyword(s):  
Alpha Particle ◽  
Particle Bombardment ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Silicon Detector ◽  
Alpha Particles ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Solid State Detector ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Alpha Scattering ◽  
Silicate Rocks

The analysis of alpha-excited X-rays has been studied as a possible addition to the alpha-scattering technique used on the Surveyor spacecraft for the first in situ chemical analyses of the lunar surface.Targets of pure elements, simple compounds, and silicate rocks have been exposed to alpha particles and other radiation from a curium-214 source and the resulting X-ray spectra measured by means of a cooled lithium-drifted silicon detector and pulse-height analysis.Alpha-particle bombardment is a simple and efficient means of X-ray excitation for light elements. Useful spectra of silicate rocks may be obtained in a few minutes with a source activity of 50 millicuries, a detector area of 0.1 cm2 and a sample distance of 3 cm. An advantage over electron excitation is the higher characteristic response relative to the bremsstrahlung continuum. Peak-to- background ratios of greater than 100 to 1 have been obtained for elemental targets. Relative efficiencies of X-ray excitation by alpha particles and by X-rays from the curium source have been determined.Resolution of the detector system used is approximately 150 eV for the lighter elements. This is sufficient to resolve the Kα X-rays of the geochemically important elements, Na, Mg, Al, and Si in silicate rocks. Although these and lighter elements are analyzed as well or better by the alpha-scattering and alpha-proton technique, the X-ray mode enables results to be obtained more quickly.The study shows that the addition of an X-ray mode to the alpha-scattering analysis technique would result in a significant improvement in analytical capability for the heavier elements. In particular, important indicators of geochemical differentiation such as K and Ca (which are only marginally separated in an alpha-scattering and alpha-proton analysis) may be determined quantitatively by measuring the alpha-excited X-rays. An X-ray detector is under consideration as an addition to an alpha-scattering instrument now under development for possible use on a Mars-lander mission.

A High-Speed Signal Processor Using a Digital Divider for Position Sensitive Proportional Counters

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 173-176
Author(s):  
S. Kobashi ◽  
K. Mochiki ◽  
K. Hasegawa ◽  
A. Sekiguchi ◽  
H. Hashizume ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Dead Time ◽  
Present System ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
X Ray ◽  
System A ◽  
Proportional Counters ◽  
Position Sensitive ◽  
A Charge

Most position sensitive proportional counters (PSPCs) currently used in X-ray diffraction experiments have a dead time longer than 5 μs. Though such PSPCs are useful in measuring weak diffraction diagrams, a faster counter is needed to detect strong X-ray diagrams produced with synchrotron radiation sources. The long dead time of PSPCs using a charge division position read-out is due to the slow analog division circuit plus analog-to-digital converter employed in the present system. A fast processor can be built utilising two high-speed ADCs to digitize voltage signals from the detector, followed by a digital divider to compute position of detected photons. The present paper describes the design of such a processor and some preliminary testings of its performances.

scholarly journals Face-on SS 433 Stars as a Possible New Type of Extragalactic X-Ray Sources

2001 ◽  
Vol 205 ◽  
pp. 268-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fabrika ◽  
A. Mescheryakov
Keyword(s):  
X Rays ◽  
Relativistic Jets ◽  
Expected Frequency ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ss 433 ◽  
Sky Survey ◽  
Supercritical Accretion ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Type ◽  
Positive Correlations

The object SS433 is a well-known source of relativistic jets, which are formed in supercritical accretion disk. It is very probable that the disk has polar channels and their radiation is collimated (the photo-cones). A face-on SS433 object can appear as ultra-bright and highly variable X-ray source, Lx ˜ 1040 − 1042 erg/s. We discuss the properties of these hypothetical objects and their frequency expected in galaxies. We describe a search for such objects using the ROSAT All Sky Survey and RC3 catalog of galaxies. Among the total 418 positive correlations we find that 142 sources in S and Irr galaxies are unknown as AGNs. Nuclear sources among them still contain many AGNs. Non-nuclear (offset) sources are rather hard, their X-ray luminosities are 1039 − 1041 erg/s. Their observed frequency is about 4–5% per galaxy, that is in agreement with expected frequency of the face-on SS 433 stars. The only way to recognize such stars is their expected violent variability in X rays.

scholarly journals Semiconductor X-Ray Detectors

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Rob Sareen
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Detector ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Lead Iodide ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Purity Germanium ◽  
Transition Edge ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Edge Detectors ◽  
Measuring Tool ◽  
Ccd Arrays

Detection of characteristic x-rays is a fascinating and challenging subject. From its early beginnings with gas proportional counters it has evolved, like many branches of technology, into the use of a variety of semiconductors.The lithium compensated silicon detector [Si(Li)] has been the predominant measuring tool over the last two decades, in the last five years, increasing numbers of high purity germanium detectors (HPG) have appeared and more recently a plethora of new materials and concepts are seeing a successful introduction. Among these newer materials are compound semiconductors like mercuric iodide, cadmium telluride, cadmium zinc telluride, gallium arsenide, lead iodide, indium phosphide and diamond. Among the new concepts are Bolometers, Transition Edge Detectors, Drift Detectors, PIN Diodes, CCD arrays and PN CCD arrays.

X-RAY SCATTERING STUDIES OF CHARGE STRIPES IN La2-xSrxNiO4 (x=0.20-0.33)

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (11n12) ◽  
pp. 1633-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. HATTON ◽  
M. E. GHAZI ◽  
S. B. WILKINS ◽  
P. D. SPENCER ◽  
D. MANNIX ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Length ◽  
Surface Region ◽  
Crystalline Lattice ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Charge Stripe ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Ray Scattering

The La 2-x Sr x NiO 4 system is isostructural with the high T C superconducting cuprate La 2-x Sr x CuO 4 and is a prototypical system for the understanding of strongly correlated electron-phonon coupling, and the resultant effects on material properties. X-ray scattering studies have been performed on La5/3Sr1/3NiO4 that demonstrate the two-dimensional nature of these charge stripes. Such studies, demonstrate the very high correlation length of the stripes (~ 2000 Å) at low temperatures. We have undertaken a series of experiments measuring the wavevector and charge stripe correlation length on a variety of crystals with the compositions La 2-x Sr x NiO 4 (x=0.20, 0.25, 0.275, 0.30 and 0.33) using ~10 keV X-rays. The results demonstrate that for x=0.275, and above, the charge stripes are highly correlated in a well-ordered crystalline lattice. Measurements of the incommensurability, ε, as a function of temperature for the series revealed that it is commensurate and temperature independent for the x=0.33 sample. For other compositions it is incommensurate and also temperature dependent. However for the x=0.20 and 0.25 crystals a much reduced correlation length was observed suggestive of a charge stripe glass. However, such experiments are sensitive to such charge ordering only in the near (top few micron) surface region. High energy X-rays however can probe the charge stripe ordering within the bulk of the single crystal by utilising the dramatic increase in penetration depth. We have used 130 keV X-rays and demonstrate that in La5/3Sr1/3NiO4 the charge stripes are far less correlated in the bulk than in the near surface region. This reduced correlation length (~300 Å), consistent with neutron scattering measurements, is indicative of a charge stripe glass, reminiscent of that observed below x=0.25, in the near surface region.

scholarly journals Low noise low power readout circuit for soft X ray detection

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cerdeira-Estrada ◽  
A. De Luca ◽  
A. Cuttin ◽  
R. Mutihac
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Silicon Detector ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Readout Circuit ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Low Power Cmos

A new low power CMOS ASIC for the detection of X-rays was optimized for low power and low noise. Theoretical calculations and optimizations are presented and compared with experimental results. Noise as low as 120+25*Cin [pF] ENC rms was obtained including a silicon detector of 1.3 pF and 0.3nA of leakage. The power consumption is less than 100 W. Other circuit parameters are also shown.

scholarly journals IVAN PULUJ AND THE DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulyana Pidvalna ◽  
◽  
Roman Plyatsko ◽  
Vassyl Lonchyna ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Exhibition ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
X Rays ◽  
High Quality ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Exact Date ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Given

On January 5, 1896, the Austrian newspaper Die Presse published an article entitled “A Sensational Discovery”. It was dedicated to the discovery of X-rays made on November 8, 1895 by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. Having taken into account the contribution of other scientists, the precondition of the given epochal, yet unexpected, discovery was, first and foremost, the work of the Ukrainian scientist Ivan Puluj. It was Puluj who laid the foundation for X-ray science. He explained the nature of X-rays, discovered that they can ionize atoms and molecules, and defined the place of X-ray emergence and their distribution in space. In 1881, Puluj constructed a cathode lamp (“Puluj’s tube”) which was fundamentally a new type of light source. In the same year, in recognition of this discovery, Puluj received an award at the International Exhibition in Paris. Investigating the processes in cathode-ray tubes, Ivan Puluj set the stage for two ground-breaking discoveries in physics, namely X-rays and electrons. Puluj used his cathode lamp in medicine as a source of intense X-rays which proved to be highly efficient. The exact date of the first X-ray images received by Puluj remains unknown. High-quality photographs of the hand of an eleven-year-old girl, taken on January 18, 1896, are preserved. Multiple X-ray images clearly visualized pathological changes in the examined structures (fractures, calluses, tuberculous bone lesions). High-quality images were obtained by means of the anticathode in the design of Puluj’s lamp, which was the first in the world. The image of the whole skeleton of a stillborn child (published on April 3, 1896 in The Photogram) is considered to be the starting point of using X-rays in anatomy.

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