scholarly journals Spider-Ant Associations: An Updated Review of Myrmecomorphy, Myrmecophily, and Myrmecophagy in Spiders

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula E. Cushing
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hunting Strategies ◽  
Abundant Food ◽  
Ant Association

This paper provides a summary of the extensive theoretical and empirical work that has been carried out in recent years testing the adaptational significance of various spider-ant associations. Hundreds of species of spiders have evolved close relationships with ants and can be classified as myrmecomorphs, myrmecophiles, or myrmecophages. Myrmecomorphs are Batesian mimics. Their close morphological and behavioral resemblance to ants confers strong survival advantages against visually hunting predators. Some species of spiders have become integrated into the ant society as myrmecophiles or symbionts. These spider myrmecophiles gain protection against their own predators, live in an environment with a stable climate, and are typically surrounded by abundant food resources. The adaptations by which this integration is made possible are poorly known, although it is hypothesized that most spider myrmecophiles are chemical mimics and some are even phoretic on their hosts. The third type of spider-ant association discussed is myrmecophagy—or predatory specialization on ants. A table of known spider myrmecophages is provided as is information on their biology and hunting strategies. Myrmecophagy provides these predators with an essentially unlimited food supply and may even confer other protections to the spiders.

Antibiotic resistance associated with aquaculture in Vietnam

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang Nam Kha Nguyen ◽  
Thi Thu Hao Van ◽  
Peter J Coloe
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Therapeutic Use ◽  
Human Medicine ◽  
The Third ◽  
Aquatic Products ◽  
Food Fish ◽  
Food Animals

The fishery sector is an important source of income, employment and food supply in Vietnam. In 2014, Vietnam was ranked the world's fourth largest exporter and the third largest producer of farmed food fish. Vietnam seafood export has attained the value of over US$6.0 billion since 2011 and reached a peak of US$7.9 billion in 2014. However, many problems and diseases confront sustainable development of the fishery sector and overuse of antibiotics is considered a major challenge. Antibiotics are used in aquaculture for both therapeutic and prophylactic reasons. Various antimicrobials used in human medicine are also used for food animals even for non-therapeutic use. The use of antibiotics in health management of aquaculture farming is of great concern due to possible residues in aquatic products and in the development of antibiotic resistance. In 2005 the Vietnamese government first promulgated a list of medicines, chemicals and antibiotics that are banned or limited for use in aquaculture and this is regularly updated and amended to tackle the growing problem of antibiotic resistance.

Economics of Criminal Procedure

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith N. Hylton
Keyword(s):  
Choice Model ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Welfare Effects ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
The Public ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
The Third ◽  
Error Cost

This chapter reviews the economics of criminal procedure, proceeding through four topics in the literature. First, it reviews the implications of substantive criminal law theories for criminal procedure. The second part discusses the error cost model of criminal procedure, which is the dominant framework and posits that criminal procedure rules are designed to minimize the sum of error and administrative costs. The third part reviews the public choice model of criminal procedure. Under this model, criminal procedure rules are designed largely to regulate rent-seeking activity. The last part of this chapter discusses some of the empirical work on procedure that bears directly on deterrence and welfare effects.

Quantifying dominance of adult female white-tailed deer in the presence of abundant food

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S. Michel ◽  
Stephen Demarais ◽  
Bronson K. Strickland ◽  
Jerrold L. Belant ◽  
Joshua J. Millspaugh
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Consistency Index ◽  
Resource Abundance ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Plastic Behaviour ◽  
Abundant Food ◽  
Behavioural Mechanism

Dominance is a behavioural mechanism that allows individuals to access and monopolize resources which should ultimately improve their fitness. Hierarchy strength should be strongest when resources are limited; however, this relationship is not consistent. We provided abundant food to assess whether hierarchy strength was consistent with resource abundance using 9 groups of captive female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We further assessed how body mass, age and testosterone levels were associated with rank position. Deer displayed a weak hierarchy with a mean linearity () of 0.39 (SD = 0.09) and a mean directional consistency index of 0.83 (SD = 0.06). Rank was related to body mass (, slope = 0.011), but not age or testosterone levels (). We demonstrate that hierarchy strength was weak in the presence of abundant food resources and suggest the possibility that dominance is a plastic behaviour that may vary with resource abundance.

scholarly journals Sakoku. Ökonomische Anpassungen des Tokugawa-Shōgunats von 1639–1853.

2016 ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Emanuel Simonini
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Foreign Commerce

During the period of Edo (1603–1868), Japan was dominated and ruled by the Tokugawa Dynasty. In fact this family ruled the country on its own and provided every Shōgun in the modern age. In the era of the third Shōguns reign – Tokugawa Iemitsu – Japan got into a term of forclosure which at least took 200 years, today known as ‚Sakoku‘ (1639–1853). The purpose of this paper is to examine the economic and social conditions in order to consist as a souvereign country during this period of isolation. The focus to answer this question thereby lies on food supply, foreign commerce and the external relations of the Shōgunat.

Effects of Food Supply on Fecundity in the Female Guppy, Lebistes reticulatus (Peters)

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Hester
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Lebistes Reticulatus

Three distinguishable size groups of oocytes are contained in the ovary of the viviparous poeciliid, Lebistes reticulates — small, middle-sized, and large. At parturition some of the middle-sized oocytes develop into large oocytes and subsequently, upon fertilization, into embryos. The number of middle-sized oocytes is then replenished from a large store of small oocytes. The effect of changes in the amount of available food on these oocytes and hence on the number of offspring was explored by an experiment involving 27 female Lebistes. Rations varying from near starvation to normal were supplied over the course of three consecutive parturition periods. At the end of the third period each fish had received a different combination of the three rations. Variations in first-period rations affected the numbers of both first- and second-period offspring. Reduced numbers of offspring and reduced large and middle-sized oocyte counts were associated with reduced rations. No significant changes in the size of young or the length of the gestation period were observed.

Earthworms Reduce the Abundance of Nematodes and Enchytraeids in a Soil Mesocosm Experiment Despite Abundant Food Resources

2011 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 1774-1778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Tao ◽  
Yingjun Xu ◽  
Bryan S. Griffiths ◽  
Feng Hu ◽  
Xiaoyun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Resources ◽  
Mesocosm Experiment ◽  
Abundant Food

Triads

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaakko Siltaloppi ◽  
Stephen L. Vargo
Keyword(s):  
Operations Management ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Dyadic Relationship ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Triadic Relationships ◽  
Initial Research

Triads examine the associations among three actors, involving, at a minimum, the analysis of two dyadic ties among three interrelated actors. By making apparent the indirect ties bearing on actors, the triad is the smallest unit of analysis for a network. Despite extensive conceptual and empirical work, little systematic attention is given to the triad in the marketing literature. This article reviews literature spanning multiple academic disciplines and makes three contributions. First, it provides an overview of the triad concept combining sociological insights with more recent work emerging in operations management and marketing. Second, the article identifies three distinct forms of triadic relationships in existing literature: (1) brokerage, focused on the action of the third between two others; (2) mediation, describing different mechanisms by which a dyadic relationship affects and is affected by a relationship with a third party; and (3) coalition, capturing the configuration and evolution of ties in the three-actor system as a whole. Finally, this article develops an initial research agenda for triadic marketing research.

Retail Structure of Beijing

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1785-1808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuguang Wang ◽  
Ken Jones
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
Ring Road ◽  
The Third ◽  
Retail Structure

One dynamic and central element in China's urban landscape is its retail structure. Yet, little attention has been given to the burgeoning retail sector in the vast literature that relates to China's economic reforms. Using the latest census of commercial activity in Beijing and recent empirical work undertaken in the city, we analyze Beijing's postreform retail structure and economy. Beijing's retail sector has been greatly diversified in both ownership and format. In addition to the emergence of the numerous family-based retailers, private and joint-stock companies now represent a significant part of the retail enterprises—a strong trend towards a market-oriented economy. The presence of many overseas-invested enterprises shows that the Beijing consumer market has been effectively opened to foreign competition and that the Beijing government has a strong desire to continue this trend. The high concentration of retail facilities in Beijing proper is closely related to the urban form. The relative concentration of full-line department stores within the third ring road suggests that new entrants will be better off if they stay away from the inner city and take peripheral locations outside the third, or even the fourth, ring road, in conjunction with development of the newly planned suburban communities.

scholarly journals Attraction in Close Relationships

Psychology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela C. Regan
Keyword(s):  
Close Relationships ◽  
Interpersonal Attraction ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Relationship Development ◽  
General Process ◽  
Relationship Initiation ◽  
Interaction Field ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Social Opportunities

Interpersonal attraction—liking or positive sentiment—plays a fundamental role in human life. The experiences we have and the outcomes we receive in virtually all areas of our existence—developmental, educational, occupational, social, relational, physical, and mental, to name a few—are deeply and continuously affected by the sentiments, feelings, and attitudes we evoke in others. Indeed, the answer to the question of who likes/dislikes us, who loves/hates us, or who is merely indifferent to us determines not only the personal, interpersonal, and social opportunities and outcomes we receive, but also the quality and even the quantity of our very lives. Although interpersonal attraction permeates and influences all human interactions and relationships, it plays a particularly important role in the formation and development of voluntary close relationships such as friendships and romantic relationships. Voluntary relationships typically are born within an open interaction field in which each potential partner is relatively free to initiate (or refrain from initiating) the relationship; consequently, the development and continued survival of these relationships is heavily dependent on the partners’ degree of attraction to one another. Thus, most theoretical and empirical work conducted on interpersonal attraction and relationship development—and virtually all work cited in this bibliography—is focused on voluntary relationships (and may not be applicable to nonvoluntary relationships [e.g., parent-child, coworker, arranged marriage]). The first section of this article introduces general review articles and books that summarize the scientific literature on interpersonal attraction and close relationship development. The second section focuses on theories of attraction and includes citations for the early models that focused primarily on attraction between strangers in lab settings, as well as more general process-oriented models that explain attraction in initial encounters and throughout subsequent relationship development. The third section presents research on the general factors that have been shown to generate liking and spark relationship initiation and development (e.g., familiarity, similarity, responsiveness, desirable partner attributes, physical attractiveness, proximity, receptivity). The article’s remaining sections cover research exploring the communication of attraction (i.e., flirting), and theory and research on one important and extensively investigated type of attraction—love.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document