scholarly journals Effect of Nanometric Metallic Hydroxides on the Flame Retardant Properties of HDPE Composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. I. Beltrán-Ramírez ◽  
L. F. Ramos-deValle ◽  
E. Ramírez-Vargas ◽  
S. Sánchez-Valdes ◽  
A. B. Espinoza-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Tensile Testing Machine ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

The effect of nanometric magnesium and aluminum hydroxides on the flame retardancy of high density polyethylene was studied. Additionally, the effect of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PEgMA) and methyl acrylate grafted polyethylene (EMA) compatibilizers, on the tensile properties, was also studied. Morphological characterization of nanocomposites was carried out by means of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Flame retardant properties of nanocomposites were evaluated by the UL-94 horizontal and vertical tests as well as by cone calorimeter tests. Thermal degradation behavior was analyzed with a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Tensile tests were carried out according to ASTM D 638-03 in an Instron 4301 tensile testing machine. From STEM images, a good dispersion of flame retardants (MH and ATH) in the polymer matrix was observed, which was reflected in the flame retardant properties. Results showed that the combination of nanometric MH and ATH produced excellent flame retardant properties, achieving a classification of V0 in the UL-94-V test and producing the lowest peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and the lowest total heat released (THR) in the cone calorimeter test. Finally, the addition of compatibilizer, especially PEgMA, resulted in much better tensile properties as compared to the noncompatibilized composition, maintaining the flame retardant properties.

scholarly journals Cardanol and Eugenol Based Flame Retardant Epoxy Monomers for Thermostable Networks

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan Ecochard ◽  
Mélanie Decostanzi ◽  
Claire Negrell ◽  
Rodolphe Sonnier ◽  
Sylvain Caillol
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Diglycidyl Ether ◽  
Aliphatic Chain ◽  
Flow Calorimeter ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

Epoxy materials have attracted attention for many applications that require fireproof performance; however, the utilization of hazardous reagents brings about potential damage to human health. Eugenol and cardanol are renewable, harmless resources (according to ECHA) that allow the achievement of synthesis of novel phosphorylated epoxy monomers to be used as reactive flame retardants. These epoxy building blocks are characterized by 1H NMR and 31P NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and reacted with a benzylic diamine to give bio-based flame-retardant thermosets. Compared to DGEBA (Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether)-based material, these biobased thermosets differ by their cross-linking ratio, the nature of the phosphorylated function and the presence of an aliphatic chain. Eugenol has led to thermosets with higher glass transition temperatures due to a higher aromatic density. The flame-retardant properties were tested by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), a pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) and a cone calorimeter. These analyses demonstrated the efficiency of phosphorus by reducing significantly the peak heat release rate (pHRR), the total heat release (THR) and the effective heat of combustion (EHC). Moreover, the cone calorimeter test exhibited an intumescent phenomenon with the residues of phosphorylated eugenol thermosets. Lastly, the higher flame inhibition potential was highlighted for the phosphonate thermoset.

Flame Retardant Epoxy Resins Containing Microcapsules

2011 ◽  
Vol 197-198 ◽  
pp. 1346-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fa Chao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Melamine Resin ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Ul 94

Bis(2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-methanol) melaminium salt (Melabis) and microcapsules of Melabis with melamine resin shell as flame retardants (FR), respectively, were synthesized. Their structures were characterized by NMR, IR, SEM, TG and element analysis. 20% weight of microcapsules was doped into epoxy resins (EP) to get 28.5 % of LOI and UL 94 V-0. The heat and smoke release of EP containing microcapsules was valued by cone calorimeter.

scholarly journals Preparation of Intercalated Organic Montmorillonite DOPO-MMT by Melting Method and Its Effect on Flame Retardancy to Epoxy Resin

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 3496
Author(s):  
Junming Geng ◽  
Jianyu Qin ◽  
Jiyu He
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Melting Method ◽  
Organic Montmorillonite ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

An intercalated organic montmorillonite DOPO-MMT was prepared through the melting method using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as a modifier. Epoxy resin (EP) composites were prepared with DOPO-MMT, DOPO, MMT, and the physical mixtures of DOPO+MMT as flame retardants. The microstructure of the flame retardants and EP samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The flame retardant properties, thermal stability, and residual char structure of the EPs were studied by the limited oxygen index (LOI) test, the UL-94 vertical burning test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) test, the cone calorimeter (CONE) test as well as other characterization methods. The results showed that the intercalated organic montmorillonite DOPO-MMT can be successfully prepared by the melting method and that the MMT is evenly dispersed in the EP/DOPO-MMT composite in the form of nanosheets. The EP/DOPO-MMT nanocomposites showed the optimal flame retardancy (LOI, UL-94, PHRR, etc.) among the EPs with DOPO, MMT, and the physical mixture of DOPO+MMT. The flame-retardant grade of the material reached V-0.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on the Flame-Retardant Properties and Mechanical Properties of PA66 with Different Dicyclohexyl Hypophosphite Acid Metal Salts

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Zhang ◽  
Junliang Lu ◽  
Hongyan Yang ◽  
Jinyan Lang ◽  
Heng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

Three metal salts of dicyclohexyl hypophosphite, namely dicyclohexyl aluminum hypophosphite (ADCP), dicyclohexyl magnesium hypophosphite (MDCP), and dicyclohexyl zinc hypophosphite (ZDCP), were synthesized. These flame retardants were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis, and the results showed that ADCP and ZDCP had higher thermal stabilities than MDCP. They were then separately mixed with polyamide 66 (PA66)to prepare composite materials, of which the combustion properties were determined by the limiting oxygen index method and horizontal/vertical burning experiments. The mechanical properties of the materials were further evaluated using an electronic universal testing machine. The results showed that all the three flame retardants exerted a flame-retardant effect on PA66, but the flame-retardant effect of MDCP was inferior to those of ADCP and ZDCP. All the composites also showed similar mechanical properties. Among the three flame retardants, ADCP had the best overall performance for raw materials, showing good flame-retardant properties while maintaining the mechanical properties of the raw materials. The optimal dosage of ADCP was 15 wt %, at which a V-0 rating in the vertical burning test (UL 94 test) can be obtained.

scholarly journals Effect of a Novel Flame Retardant on the Mechanical, Thermal and Combustion Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2407
Author(s):  
Mingjun Niu ◽  
Zhongzhou Zhang ◽  
Zizhen Wei ◽  
Wanjie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Biobased Materials ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Ul 94

Poly(lactic) acid (PLA) is one of the most promising biobased materials, but its inherent flammability limits its applications. A novel flame retardant hexa-(DOPO-hydroxymethylphenoxy-dihydroxybiphenyl)-cyclotriphosphazene (HABP-DOPO) for PLA was prepared by bonding 9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) to cyclotriphosphazene. The morphologies, mechanical properties, thermal stability and burning behaviors of PLA/HABP-DOPO blends were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a universal mechanical testing machine, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94) and a cone calorimeter test (CCT). The LOI value reached 28.5% and UL-94 could pass V-0 for the PLA blend containing 25 wt% HABP-DOPO. A significant improvement in fire retardant performance was observed for PLA/HABP-DOPO blends. PLA/HABP-DOPO blends exhibited balanced mechanical properties. The flame retardant mechanism of PLA/HABP-DOPO blends was evaluated.

scholarly journals FLAME RETARDATION PERFORMANCES OF HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANT WHEN APPLIED TO UNSATURATED POLYESTER

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Quy Thi Dong Hoang ◽  
Cuong Ngoc Hoang ◽  
Anh Huynh Tram Pham ◽  
Vien Tri Thiem ◽  
Huong Ngoc Nhu Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Condensed Phase ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Vapour Phase ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

In order to improve fire performance of polymeric materials, phosphorus flame retardants (FRs) were studied in an attempt to obtain UL-94 ratings for materials based on unsaturated polyester. The fire behaviors and thermal stability properties were evaluated using UL-94 vertical test and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The UL-94 test results show that V-1 rating is achieved. TGA and UL-94 results concluded that phosphorus FRs employed in this study works on both vapor phase and condensed phase, but the vapour phase is dominant mode of action. These suggested that the addition of FRs probably does affect on the char layer formed during combustion behavior and increase the flame retardant properties in the case of condensed phase mode of action. The efficiency of flame retardant of phosphorus also highly depends upon the phosphorus moieties generated during the decomposition which further converted to radical capturing species, and consequently quenching the flame in the case of gas phase mode of action. These FRs can be promising candidates that replace the halogen-based.

Synthesis of a boron/nitrogen-containing compound based on triazine and boronic acid and its flame retardant effect on epoxy resin

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 513-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tie Zhang ◽  
Weishi Liu ◽  
Meixiao Wang ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
Yonghong Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Boronic Acid ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Triazine Ring ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Boron Nitrogen

With the aim of developing a novel organic flame retardant, an organic boronic acid derivative containing a triazine ring (2,4,6-tris(4-boronic-2-thiophene)-1,3,5-triazine (3TT-3BA)) was synthesized. The thermal properties of 3TT-3BA and its corresponding intermediate products were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that 3TT-3BA has a high char yield (56.9%). The flame retardant properties of epoxy resin (EP) with 3TT-3BA were investigated by cone calorimeter, limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, and vertical burning test (UL 94). The LOI of EP with 20% 3TT-3BA is 31.2% and the UL 94 V-0 rating is achieved for EP with 20% 3TT-3BA. The flame retardant mechanism of 3TT-3BA in EP was investigated using TGA–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

SEBS-based thermoplastic elastomers containing aluminum hypophosphite and melamine cyanurate: Thermal degradation, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Cheng ◽  
Jianming Wu ◽  
Yulin Li ◽  
Chenguang Yao ◽  
Guisheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomers ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Melamine Cyanurate ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Phenylene Oxide ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Aluminum Hypophosphite

Aluminum hypophosphite combined with melamine cyanurate and poly(phenylene oxide) was applied to flame-retard TPE-S system (blends of SEBS and polyolefin). The flame-retardant properties of the TPE-S/AHP/MCA/PPO were investigated by LOI and vertical burning test (UL-94). The results indicated that TPE-S containing 16 wt% AHP, 20 wt% MCA, and 10 wt% PPO reached a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test, and its LOI value was 28.2%. It performed well in the cone calorimeter (reduction in peak heat release rate from 2001 to 494 kW m−2). Thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy tests showed that AHP and MCA acted in gaseous phase, while AHP and PPO helped to form char residue. The SEM graphs demonstrated that continuous and compact films cover bubbles of the char layer in TPE-S/AHP/MCA/PPO. The proposed flame-retardant mechanisms of such systems were summarized.

Properties of Flame-Retardant Cellulose Fibers Prepared from Cellulose[Amim]Cl Dope Solution

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 1152-1155
Author(s):  
Lei Gao ◽  
Bo Wen Cheng ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
Zeng Geng Guo ◽  
Fei Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Simultaneous Thermal Analysis ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Fiber Structure ◽  
Fiber Degradation ◽  
Dope Solution ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

This paper has studied the structure and flame-retardant properties of flame-retardant cellulose fiber with DDPSN as flame retardant. The flame retardants was uniformly dispersed in the cellulose /[Amim]Cl Solution to obtain the good spinnable dope, then the dope was wet-spun. Effects of the flame-retardant contention the fiber structure and properties were investigated. The surface of the flame-retardant cellulose fiber was observed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Besides, through the Simultaneous thermal analysis, it has been shown that, with the increase of fame retardant, the degree of fame resistance was obviously improved. The flame retardant acted greatly in condensed phase during the fiber degradation and remained mainly in residues after degradation, the experiments show that the flame-retardant properties of flame-retardant cellulose fiber with 20wt% DDPSN was obvious.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document