scholarly journals Macrophages and Uveitis in Experimental Animal Models

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvador Mérida ◽  
Elena Palacios ◽  
Amparo Navea ◽  
Francisco Bosch-Morell

Resident and infiltrated macrophages play relevant roles in uveitis as effectors of innate immunity and inductors of acquired immunity. They are major effectors of tissue damage in uveitis and are also considered to be potent antigen-presenting cells. In the last few years, experimental animal models of uveitis have enabled us to enhance our understanding of the leading role of macrophages in eye inflammation processes, including macrophage polarization in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis and the major role of Toll-like receptor 4 in endotoxin-induced uveitis. This improved knowledge should guide advantageous iterative research to establish mechanisms and possible therapeutic targets for human uveitis resolution.

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1609
Author(s):  
Mari Carmen Gómez-de Frutos ◽  
Fernando Laso-García ◽  
Iván García-Suárez ◽  
Luke Diekhorst ◽  
Laura Otero-Ortega ◽  
...  

Ultrasound is a noninvasive technique that provides real-time imaging with excellent resolution, and several studies demonstrated the potential of ultrasound in acute ischemic stroke monitoring. However, only a few studies were performed using animal models, of which many showed ultrasound to be a safe and effective tool also in therapeutic applications. The full potential of ultrasound application in experimental stroke is yet to be explored to further determine the limitations of this technique and to ensure the accuracy of translational research. This review covers the current status of ultrasound applied to monitoring and treatment in experimental animal models of stroke and examines the safety, limitations, and future perspectives.


2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilpo Huhtaniemi ◽  
Maria Alevizaki ◽  
◽  

The concept of the direct involvement of gonadotrophins in tumorigenesis has been around for a long time. First, because the gonads are direct targets of gonadotrophin action, their tumours have been proposed to be gonadotrophin-dependent. Second, the recent findings of gonadotrophin receptors in extragonadal tissues has prompted the hypothesis that some extragonadal tumours (e.g. breast, uterus, prostate, pituitary and adrenal) could also be under the direct regulatory action of gonadotrophins. However, although supported by numerousin vitroexperiments and experimental animal models, the clinical evidence for a direct tumorigenic role of gonadotrophins remains weak. The purpose of this brief review is to present a critical evaluation of current information, both clinical and experimental, about the involvement of gonadotrophins in the induction and growth of gonadal and extragonadal tumours.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Sun ◽  
Dadong Guo ◽  
Bin Liu ◽  
Xuewei Yin ◽  
Huixia Wei ◽  
...  

Uveitis is a serious eye disease that usually damages young adult’s health. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs which regulate messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. It is predicted that rno-miR-30b-5p can regulate the expressions of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In this study, the regulatory role of rno-miR-30b-5p in IL-10 and TLR4 gene expressions was validated using luciferase activity assay. Further, the inflammatory manifestation of the anterior segment and pathological examination of the eye were explored in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) rats. Meanwhile, the levels of rno-miR-30b-5p in eye tissues, spleen, and lymph nodes were measured using quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). IL-10 and TLR4 in spleen and lymph nodes were further separately determined by using Q-PCR and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Moreover, rno-miR-30b-5p mimic and its inhibitor were separately transfected into purified T cells, and the levels of IL-10 and TLR4 were detected using PCR, flow cytometry, and ELISA techniques. Results indicate that rno-miR-30b-5p was downregulated in spleen, lymph nodes, and eye tissues whereas the expressions of IL-10 and TLR4 at mRNA and protein levels were upregulated. The levels of IL-10 and TLR4 were negatively correlated to rno-miR-30b-5p levels. The result of in vitro cell transfection experiment indicates that IL-10 and TLR4 expressions were inhibited at mRNA and protein levels after T cells incubated with rno-miR-30b-5p mimic. However, the IL-10 and TLR4 mRNA levels were upregulated in purified T cells from spleen and lymph nodes after treatment with miR-30b-5p antagonist. In addition, there was no evident change of IL-10 and TLR4 proteins in spleen and lymph node T cells between EAU control and negative treatment groups. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that rno-miR-30b-5p mimic could reduce the number of both IL-10 and TLR4 positive cells, whereas rno-miR-30b-5p inhibitor could increase the number of IL-10 and TLR4 positive cells. Our study demonstrates that rno-miR-30b-5p influences the development of uveitis by regulating the level of IL-10 and TLR4 positive cells, thereby playing a role in the pathogenesis of uveitis.


2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (2) ◽  
pp. E405-E422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sooyeon Lee ◽  
Shannon L. Kelleher

Lactation is a dynamic process that has evolved to produce a complex biological fluid that provides nutritive and nonnutritive factors to the nursing offspring. It has long been assumed that once lactation is successfully initiated, the primary factor regulating milk production is infant demand. Thus, most interventions have focused on improving breastfeeding education and early lactation support. However, in addition to infant demand, increasing evidence from studies conducted in experimental animal models, production animals, and breastfeeding women suggests that a diverse array of maternal factors may also affect milk production and composition. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of the role of maternal genetics and modifiable factors, such as diet and environmental exposures, on reproductive endocrinology, lactation physiology, and the ability to successfully produce milk. To identify factors that may affect lactation in women, we highlight some information gleaned from studies in experimental animal models and production animals. Finally, we highlight the gaps in current knowledge and provide commentary on future research opportunities aimed at improving lactation outcomes in breastfeeding women to improve the health of mothers and their infants.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gollapalle Lakshminarayanashastry Viswanatha ◽  
G.P. Sowmya ◽  
Hanumanthappa Shylaja ◽  
Yogananda Moolemath

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coraline Chéneau ◽  
Karsten Eichholz ◽  
Tuan Hiep Tran ◽  
Thi Thu Phuong Tran ◽  
Océane Paris ◽  
...  

AbstractDespite decades of investigations, we still poorly grasp the immunogenicity of human adenovirus (HAdV)-based vaccines in humans. In this study, we explored the role of lactoferrin, which belong to the alarmin subset of antimicrobial peptides that provide immediate direct and indirect activity against a range of pathogens following a breach in tissue homeostasis. Lactoferrin is a globular, iron-sequestering, glycoprotein that can increase HAdV infection and maturation of antigen-presenting cells. However, the mechanism by which HAdV-lactoferrin complexes induce maturation is unknown. We show that lactoferrin redirects HAdVs from species B, C, and D to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) complexes on human mononuclear phagocyte. TLR4-mediated internalization induces an abortive NLRP3-associated pyroptotic response inducing pro-inflammatory cytokine release and disrupting plasma membrane integrity without cell death. These data impact our understanding of the immunogenicity of HAdV-based vaccines and may provide ways to increase their efficacy.


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