scholarly journals The Effects of Cryogenic Process on the AISI M2 Punch Materials and on the Hole Edge Geometry of the DIN EN 10111-98 Sheet Metal Control Arm Parts

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yusuf Arslan
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Hole Edge ◽  
Edge Geometry ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Cryogenic Process ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Hole Geometry ◽  
Punch Wear

In this study, not only the effects of cryogenic processing on the wear of AISI M2 punches but also the effects of punch wear on the hole edge geometry of DIN EN 10111-98 sheet metal control arm parts were investigated. The hole geometry changes are generally associated with punch wear and process parameters. Piercing operations were performed using eccentric press on 2.5-mm-thick sheet metal control arm parts with circular and slot AISI M2 tool steel punches. The punches were traditionally heat treated. The others were cryogenically treated at −145°C in addition to the conventional heat treatment. Weight losses were measured for punch wear assessments; furthermore, SEM and OM images were analyzed. The hole edge geometries of the selected parts were measured with a contour measuring machine in the specified number of blanks. So, no damage was done to the products for measurements. The cryogenic process resulted in a significantly low amount of retained austenite and caused uniformly distributed thin carbide precipitates. Reduction of retained austenite and formation of fine carbide particles led to increase in hardness values. It was found that untreated circular punch wear weight losses were approximately 40% higher than those of cryogenically treated samples. The untreated slot punch change rate was about 106% higher than that of the cryogenically treated samples. The wear process during the punching was faster and greater for the untreated punches. Fatigue microcracks were more common at the cutting edge of the untreated punches. However, abrasive wear was generally observed in cryogenically treated punches. The edge geometry values in the circular holes were at least two times higher than those in the slot holes of untreated samples. At the end of the industrial piercing process, it was determined that the M2 tool steel punch wear rates were decreased by cryogenic treatment, and the size changes of the hole geometry of the punches of the DIN EN 10111-98 control arm parts were more economic and with a better quality.

scholarly journals Effect of Sub-Zero Treatments and Tempering on Corrosion Behaviour of Vanadis 6 Tool Steel

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3759
Author(s):  
Peter Jurči ◽  
Aneta Bartkowska ◽  
Mária Hudáková ◽  
Mária Dománková ◽  
Mária Čaplovičová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Considerable Reduction ◽  
Treated Steel ◽  
Precipitation Behaviour ◽  
Quenched Steel

Sub-zero treatment of Vanadis 6 steel resulted in a considerable reduction of retained austenite amount, refinement of martensite, enhancement of population density of carbides, and modification of precipitation behaviour. Tempering of sub-zero-treated steel led to a decrease in population density of carbides, to a further reduction of retained austenite, and to precipitation of M3C carbides, while M7C3 carbides precipitated only in the case of conventionally quenched steel. Complementary effects of these microstructural variations resulted in more noble behaviour of sub-zero-treated steel compared to the conventionally room-quenched one, and to clear inhibition of the corrosion rate at the same time.

Microstructural Characterization of Ledeburitic Tool Steel after Sub-Zero Treatment and Tempering

2020 ◽  
Vol 403 ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Jana Ptačinová ◽  
Juraj Ďurica ◽  
Matej Pašák ◽  
Martin Kusy ◽  
Peter Jurči
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Vacuum Furnace ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Gas Quenching

Microstructural characterization of ledeburitic tool steel Vanadis 6 after sub-zero treatment and tempering has been examined. The samples were heat treated using following schedules: heating to the austenitizing temperature (TA = 1050 °C) in a vacuum furnace, hold at the final temperature for 30 min. and nitrogen gas quenching (5 bar). The sub-zero treatments consisted of immediate (after quenching) immersion of the material into the liquid helium (-269 °C), hold at the soaking temperature and removal the samples to be heated to a room temperature. Double tempering has been performed at the temperatures from the range 170 – 530 °C, whereas each tempering cycle was realized with a hold of 2 h. Typical heat treated microstructure of ledeburitic steels consists, besides of the martensitic matrix with certain amount of retained austenite, of several types of carbides – eutectic, secondary and small globular carbides. In sub-zero treated steel the amount of retained austenite is significantly reduced. The population density of small globular carbides increase as a result of sub-zero treating. Tempering of the material resulted in decrease in population density of small globular carbides with increasing the tempering temperature. The hardness of sub-zero treated material is higher than that of conventionally quenched one. Also, this tendency is preserved when the steel is low-temperature tempered. On the other hand, the hardness of conventionally quenched steel becomes higher than that of SZT one when tempered at the temperature of secondary hardening.

Effect of Chemistry Modification, Hot Forging and Partitioning on Low Alloy Grade Tool Steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 786 ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ismail Zaky Farahat ◽  
Mohamed Kamal El Fawkhry ◽  
Ayman M. Fathy ◽  
Taha M. Mattar
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Hot Forging ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Isothermal Treatment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Slow Cooling ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Development of S6 tool steel has been discussed in this research by conducting a bit modification in the chemical composition using aluminum instead of molybdenum, and micro addition of boron to enhance the marteniste structure. Then, the hardenability and thermal stability have been detected in regarding to S6 tool steel. A novel isothermal treatment process has been suggested to enrich the retained austenite, and thereby, it has been tracked by using XRD, optical microscope, and SEM in conjugation with EDS. The effect of retained on the mechanical properties has been determined. The results ensure that aluminum has inhibited the graphite formation through the slow cooling regime. No change of hardenability or thermal stability of S6 tool steel triggered from adding of aluminum and microaddition of boron. In addition, the novel isothermal process leads to enrichment of retained austenite that has significantly affected on the combination of ductility with strength of the newly designed steel.

Effect of Deep Cryogenic Process on the Microstructure and Hardness and Wear Resistance of High Carbon Tool Steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 934 ◽  
pp. 100-104
Author(s):  
Yuan Ching Lin ◽  
Ji Wei Gong
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Cryogenic Treatment ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Deep Cryogenic Treatment ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Cryogenic Process ◽  
The Moment

In this investigation, the effects of different heat treatment conditions on the mechanical properties of high carbon tool steel (SK2) were explored. Experimental results indicated that immediately doing deep cryogenic treatment can effectively reduce retained austenite after quenching. The moment of the holding time for the cryogenic treatment was extended can promote the fine carbides precipitated, and thus increased its hardness. The results of X-ray diffraction showed that the carbides in the matrix included Fe3C and Fe7C3.The wear test results demonstrated that the specimen with Q-T1hr-C24hr-T1hr treatment has the highest wear resistance than the others, which was caused by the effect of several tempering processes to improve toughness of the matrix and to precipitate considerable quantities of the fine carbides.

Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Hardness of SKD 61 Hot Work Tool Steel Using Gas Metal Arc Welding

2012 ◽  
Vol 557-559 ◽  
pp. 1275-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teerayut Kanchanasangtong ◽  
Supachai Surapunt
Keyword(s):  
Tool Steel ◽  
Heat Input ◽  
Arc Welding ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Gas Metal Arc Welding ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Dendritic Segregation ◽  
Hot Work Tool Steel ◽  
Metal Arc Welding

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of heat input on microstructure and hardness of SKD 61 hot work tool steel by using Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The specimens made of SKD 61 steel plates were austenized and oil-quenched to room temperature, then they were double tempered. Base on identical welding specification procedure (WPS), the specimens were automatically welded by GMAW machine. The consumable copper coated-solid wire electrode was used for surfacing in the GMAW process. The microstructures at the HAZ of specimens for all conditions were composed mainly of martensite with some retained austenite in the dendritic segregation pattern. With the higher heat input resulted in increasing in hardness, which resulted from transformation of retained austenite to martensite.

scholarly journals IMPROVED REPRODUCIBILITY OF D2 TOOL STEEL AFTER CRYO-TREATING AT -78°C (DRY ICE)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
G.K. Egert ◽  
T. D. Burleigh
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Internal Stress ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Cyclic Polarization ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Dry Ice ◽  
Treated Steel ◽  
D2 Steel

The exposure of steel to very cold temperatures (cryogenics) as a means to improve properties of the metal has had a controversial history. This study employed several tests to determine differences between D2 tool steel cryo-treated in dry ice (-78°C) versus in liquid nitrogen (-196°C), as compared to control D2 steel (not cryo-treated). These tests showed no major changes between the control and the liquid nitrogen treated steel, but the dry ice (-78°C) treated steel showed narrower XRD peaks, more reproducible hardness measurements, less scatter in the corrosion weight loss, and lower corrosion currents in the cyclic polarization tests in saltwater. All these differences were measured even though there was no measurable difference in retained austenite. The authors hypothesize that the -78°C (dry ice) allowed internal stress reductions, while the -196°C (liquid nitrogen) was too cold to allow any transformations.

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