Neurodevelopmental Disorder Traits in Taijin-Kyofu-sho and Social Anxiety Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study among University Students

Taijin-Kyofu-sho is an East Asian culture-bound anxiety disorder with similarities to social anxiety disorder. However, few studies have examined these two disorders from the perspective of neurodevelopmental disorders. This study is aimed at examining the association of Taijin-Kyofu-sho and social anxiety disorder with the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) trait and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) trait. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety, Taijin-Kyofu-sho, and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report scales and the 16-item Autism-Spectrum Quotient were administered to 818 university students. Participants were divided into four groups: control (neither Taijin-Kyofu-sho nor social anxiety disorder), pure Taijin-Kyofu-sho (Taijin-Kyofu-sho alone), pure social anxiety disorder (social anxiety disorder alone), and mixed Taijin-Kyofu-sho-social anxiety disorder (both Taijin-Kyofu-sho and social anxiety disorder). We used logistic regression analysis to examine whether the ADHD trait and ASD trait were associated with Taijin-Kyofu-sho and social anxiety disorder. ASD trait was significantly associated with pure Taijin-Kyofu-sho ( p = 0.006 , odds ratio: 3.99). Female sex and ADHD trait were significantly associated with pure social anxiety disorder (sex: p = 0.013 , odds ratio: 2.61; ADHD trait: p = 0.012 , odds ratio: 2.46). Female sex, ADHD trait, and ASD trait were significantly associated with mixed Taijin-Kyofu-sho-social anxiety disorder (sex: p = 0.043 , odds ratio: 2.16; ADHD trait: p = 0.003 , odds ratio: 2.75; ASD trait: p < 0.001 , odds ratio: 16.93). Neurodevelopmental disorder traits differed between individuals with Taijin-Kyofu-sho and those with social anxiety disorder. Overall, our study reveals that Japanese individuals with the ADHD or ASD traits are at a heightened risk of developing Taijin-Kyofu-sho or social anxiety disorder.

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Neurodevelopmental Disorder traits in Taijin-Kyofu-Sho and Social Anxiety Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study Among University Students

10.21203/rs.3.rs-282705/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kosuke Kajitani ◽

Rikako Tsuchimoto ◽

Yusaku Omodaka ◽

Tomoko Matsushita ◽

Hideaki Fukumori ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

Social Anxiety Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract Background: Taijin-Kyofu-sho, an East Asian culture-bound anxiety disorder, has been likened to social anxiety disorder. However, few studies have examined these two disorders from the perspective of neurodevelopmental disorders. This study aimed to examine the association of Taijin-Kyofu-sho and social anxiety disorder with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.Methods: The Liebowitz Social Anxiety, Taijin-Kyofu-sho, and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report scales and the 16-item Autism-Spectrum Quotient were administered to 818 university students. Participants were divided into four groups: control (neither Taijin-Kyofu-sho nor social anxiety disorder), pure Taijin-Kyofu-sho (Taijin-Kyofu-sho alone), pure social anxiety disorder (social anxiety disorder alone), and Taijin-Kyofu-sho-social anxiety disorder mixed (both Taijin-Kyofu-sho and social anxiety disorder). We used logistic regression analysis to examine whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder were associated with Taijin-Kyofu-sho and social anxiety disorder.Results: Autism spectrum disorder was significantly associated with pure Taijin-Kyofu-sho (p = 0.006, odds ratio: 3.99). Female sex and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were significantly associated with pure social anxiety disorder (sex: p = 0.013, odds ratio: 2.61; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: p = 0.012, odds ratio: 2.46). Female sex, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder were significantly associated with Taijin-Kyofu-sho-social anxiety disorder mixed (sex: p = 0.043, odds ratio: 2.16; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: p = 0.003, odds ratio: 2.75; autism spectrum disorder: p < 0.001, odds ratio: 16.93). Conclusions: Neurodevelopmental disorder traits differed between individuals with Taijin-Kyofu-sho and those with social anxiety disorder. Japanese individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorder traits are at a risk of developing Taijin-Kyofu-sho or social anxiety disorder in the future.

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Intrinsic functional connectivity in social anxiety disorder with and without comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Brain Research ◽

10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146364 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1722 ◽

pp. 146364 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ceylan Ergül ◽

Cigdem Ulasoglu-Yildiz ◽

Elif Kurt ◽

Ahmet Koyuncu ◽

Ani Kicik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Functional Connectivity ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

Social Anxiety Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Intrinsic Functional Connectivity

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Extended-release methylphenidate monotherapy in patients with comorbid social anxiety disorder and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: retrospective case series

Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology ◽

10.1177/2045125317714193 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 241-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ahmet Koyuncu ◽

Fahri Çelebi ◽

Erhan Ertekin ◽

Burcu Ece Kök ◽

Raşit Tükel

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

Social Anxiety Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Adult Adhd ◽

Extended Release ◽

Case Series ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

The Relationship

Background: The relationship between social anxiety disorder (SAD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a subject which has recently become a topic of interest for research. Methods: In this study, 20 patients with comorbid SAD and adult ADHD who were treated with extended-release methylphenidate monotherapy were evaluated retrospectively. Results: Clinical response for both ADHD and SAD symptoms was observed in 17 of 20 patients. Overall, one patient did not respond to treatment and two patients dropped out of treatment at the beginning due to adverse effects. Conclusion: Extended-release methylphenidate improved both SAD and ADHD symptoms and was generally well tolerated. Further studies are required to investigate the relationship between SAD and ADHD.

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P-119 - The prevalence and clinical features of adult attention deficit- hyperactivity disorder in social anxiety disorder patients

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(12)74286-4 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

A. Koyuncu ◽

D. Tutkunkardas ◽

Z. Binbay ◽

I. Ozyildirim ◽

E. Ertekin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Social Anxiety Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

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Is there a prodrom period in patients with social anxiety disorder? A discussion on the hypothesis of social anxiety disorder development secondary to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders ◽

10.1007/s12402-018-00283-3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 343-351

Author(s):

Ahmet Koyuncu ◽

Ezgi Ince ◽

Erhan Ertekin ◽

Fahri Çelebi ◽

Raşit Tükel

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

Social Anxiety Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

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Empathy in Social Anxiety Disorder: The Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Psychiatry ◽

10.1080/00332747.2021.1952034 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Didem Umutlu ◽

Cagdas Oyku Memis ◽

Yasam Umutlu ◽

Doga Sevincok ◽

Levent Sevincok

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

Social Anxiety Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

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Correlation between Taijin-Kyofu-sho and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among University Students: A Self-Reported Assessment Study

Psychiatry Journal ◽

10.1155/2019/7953123 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kosuke Kajitani ◽

Rikako Tsuchimoto ◽

Tomoko Matsushita ◽

Hideaki Fukumori

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

University Students ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Developmental Disorders ◽

Self Report ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Significant Difference

Taijin-Kyofu-sho (TK) is regarded as a culture-bound anxiety disorder in East Asian counties. Despite its earlier discovery in Japan, fewer studies have focused on TK than on social anxiety disorder (SAD) and even fewer on TK comorbidity with developmental disorders. Thus, we examined the association between TK and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among Japanese university students. A total of 673 students (500 male, 173 female) were assessed on the Japanese version of Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS-J), TK scale, and adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS; version 1.1). On the TK scale and LSAS-J, 17.4 and 10.3 percent of students, respectively, exceeded the cut-off value. Furthermore, ASRS scores more strongly correlated with TK scale than LSAS-J scores (TK scale: r = 0.427; LSAS-J: r = 0.330). To evaluate how TK or SAD with ADHD affects those scores, we divided subjects into four groups: healthy subjects, subjects with TK, those with SAD, and those with both disorders. The total ASRS score was significantly higher in TK-only subjects than in healthy subjects (p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference between scores of healthy and SAD-only subjects (p = 0.281). Our results indicate a possible link between ADHD and later development of TK in Japan.

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