scholarly journals The Impact of Incretin-Based Medications on Lipid Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Habib Yaribeygi ◽  
Mina Maleki ◽  
Alexandra E. Butler ◽  
Tannaz Jamialahmadi ◽  
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Diabetes Complications ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Lipid Homeostasis ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Cellular Pathways ◽  
The Impact

Pathophysiological pathways that are induced by chronic hyperglycemia negatively impact lipid metabolism. Thus, diabetes is commonly accompanied by varying degrees of dyslipidemia which is itself a major risk factor for further macro- and microvascular diabetes complications such as atherosclerosis and nephropathy. Therefore, normalizing lipid metabolism is an attractive goal for therapy in patients with diabetes. Incretin-based medications are a novel group of antidiabetic agents with potent hypoglycemic effects. While the impact of incretins on glucose metabolism is clear, recent evidence indicates their positive modulatory roles on various aspects of lipid metabolism. Therefore, incretins may offer additional beneficial effects beyond that of glucose normalization. In the current review, how these antidiabetic medications can regulate lipid homeostasis and the possible cellular pathways involved are discussed, incorporating related clinical evidence about incretin effects on lipid homeostasis.

Exercise and Nutraceuticals: Eminent approach for Diabetic Neuropathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayur Bhimrao Kale ◽  
Komal Bajaj ◽  
Mohit Umare ◽  
Nitu L. Wankhede ◽  
Brijesh Gulabrao Taksande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Neuropathy ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Weight Lifting ◽  
The Public ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Oxidant Effect

: Diabetic neuropathy is an incapacitating chronic pathological condition that encompasses a large group of diseases and manifestations of nerve damage. It affects approximately 50% of patients with diabetes mellitus. Autonomic, sensory, and motor neurons are affected. Disabilities are severe, along with poor recovery and diverse pathophysiology. Physical exercise and herbal-based therapies have the potential to decrease the disabilities associated with diabetic neuropathy. Aerobic exercises like walking, weight lifting, the use of nutraceuticals and herbal extracts are found to be effective. Literature from the public domain was studied emphasizing various beneficial effects of different exercises, use of herbal and nutraceuticals for their therapeutic action in diabetic neuropathy. Routine exercises and administration of herbal and nutraceuticals, either the extract of plant material containing the active phytoconstituent or isolated phytoconstituent at safe concentration, have been shown to have promising positive action in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Exercise has shown promising effects on vascular and neuronal health and has proven to be well effective in the treatment as well as prevention of diabetic neuropathy by various novel mechanisms, including herbal and nutraceuticals therapy is also beneficial for the condition. They primarily show the anti-oxidant effect, secretagogue, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuroprotective action. Severe adverse events are rare with these therapies. The current review investigates the benefits of exercise and nutraceutical therapies in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.

scholarly journals Adiponectin and Asthma: Knowns, Unknowns and Controversies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8971
Author(s):  
Marina Ruxandra Otelea ◽  
Oana Cristina Arghir ◽  
Corina Zugravu ◽  
Agripina Rascu
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Vascular Protection ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Healthy Obese ◽  
Cellular Pathways ◽  
The Impact

Adiponectin is an adipokine associated with the healthy obese phenotype. Adiponectin increases insulin sensitivity and has cardio and vascular protection actions. Studies related to adiponectin, a modulator of the innate and acquired immunity response, have suggested a role of this molecule in asthma. Studies based on various asthma animal models and on the key cells involved in the allergic response have provided important insights about this relation. Some of them indicated protection and others reversed the balance towards negative effects. Many of them described the cellular pathways activated by adiponectin, which are potentially beneficial for asthma prevention or for reduction in the risk of exacerbations. However, conclusive proofs about their efficiency still need to be provided. In this article, we will, briefly, present the general actions of adiponectin and the epidemiological studies supporting the relation with asthma. The main focus of the current review is on the mechanisms of adiponectin and the impact on the pathobiology of asthma. From this perspective, we will provide arguments for and against the positive influence of this molecule in asthma, also indicating the controversies and sketching out the potential directions of research to complete the picture.

scholarly journals Complications of Acute and Chronic Hyperglycemia

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Loredana Marcovecchio ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
Glucose Variability ◽  
Acute Hyperglycemia ◽  
Postprandial Plasma Glucose ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Impact

Hyperglycemia is due to a dysregulation in the complex mechanisms implicated in glucose homeostasis. Chronic hyperglycemia, as measured by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), is a key risk factor for the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications, which in turn negatively influence the prognosis of patients with diabetes. Several studies have shown that acute hyperglycemia can add to the effect of chronic hyperglycemia in inducing tissue damage. Acute hyperglycemia can manifest as high fasting plasma glucose (FPG) or high postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) and can activate the same metabolic and hemodynamic pathways as chronic hyperglycemia. Glucose variability, as expressed by the intraday glucose fluctuations from peaks to nadirs, is another important parameter, which has emerged as an HbA1c-independent risk factor for the development of vascular complications, mainly in the context of type 2 diabetes. Treatments able to decrease HbA1c have been associated with positive effects in terms of reducing risk for the development and progression of complications. Further studies are required to clarify the impact of strategies more specifically targeting components of acute hyperglycemia, to improve outcomes in patients with diabetes.

scholarly journals Early Origins of Hypertension: Should Prevention Start Before Birth Using Natural Antioxidants?

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Ning Hsu ◽  
You-Lin Tain
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Natural Antioxidant ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Developmental Origin ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Current Review ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pregnant Mothers

Hypertension may originate in early life. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated due to the exposure of adverse in utero conditions causes developmental programming of hypertension. These excessive ROS can be antagonized by molecules which are antioxidants. Prenatal use of natural antioxidants may reverse programming processes and prevent hypertension of developmental origin. In the current review, firstly we document data on the impact of oxidative stress in hypertension of developmental origin. This will be followed by effective natural antioxidants uses starting before birth to prevent hypertension of developmental origin in animal models. It will also discuss evidence for the common mechanisms underlying developmental hypertension and beneficial effects of natural antioxidant interventions used as reprogramming strategies. A better understanding of the reprogramming effects of natural antioxidants and their interactions with common mechanisms underlying developmental hypertension is essential. Therefore, pregnant mothers and their children can benefit from natural antioxidant supplementation during pregnancy in order to reduce their risk for hypertension later in life.

scholarly journals Effect of chronic hyperglycaemia on the parameters of protein, lipid metabolism and platelet-coagulation haemostasis in acromegaly

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
G G Petrik ◽  
S A Pavlishchuk
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
High Density ◽  
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the research. Assessing the impact of chronic hyperglycemia on the parameters of the protein, lipid metabolism and platelet-coagulation haemostasis in patients with active phase of acromegaly. Materials and methods: The research included 58 patients with the active phase of acromegaly (36 women and 28 men), median age 50 (43, 57) years, disease duration 9.0 (5.0, 15.0) years, 26 of whom had verified diabetes mellitus. Results: Biochemical parameters and parameters of haemostasis in patients with active phase of acromegaly with normoglycemia differed from the control group by higher levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, an increase in the average volume of platelet aggregation and enhancement of their function. The presence of diabetes mellitus was accompanied by the increase in concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, decrease in high-density lipoproteins, and increase in fibrinogen concentration, soluble fibrin-monomeasured complexes, as well as reduction of disaggregation properties of platelets and enhancement of ejection reactions. Conclusion: The presence of diabetes mellitus with acromegaly can be regarded as a significant risk factor for atherogenic dyslipidemia, hyperfibrinogenemia and platelet disfunction.

scholarly journals Melatonin Orchestrates Lipid Homeostasis through the Hepatointestinal Circadian Clock and Microbiota during Constant Light Exposure

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Hong ◽  
Shijia Pan ◽  
Pengfei Xu ◽  
Tingting Xue ◽  
Jialin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Lipid Homeostasis ◽  
Constant Light ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Misalignment between natural light rhythm and modern life activities induces disruption of the circadian rhythm. It is mainly evident that light at night (LAN) interferes with the human endocrine system and contributes to the increasing rates of obesity and lipid metabolic disease. Maintaining hepatointestinal circadian homeostasis is vital for improving lipid homeostasis. Melatonin is a chronobiotic substance that plays a main role in stabilizing bodily rhythm and has shown beneficial effects in protecting against obesity. Based on the dual effect of circadian rhythm regulation and antiobesity, we tested the effect of melatonin in mice under constant light exposure. Exposure to 24-h constant light (LL) increased weight and insulin resistance compared with those of the control group (12-h light–12-h dark cycle, LD), and simultaneous supplementation in the melatonin group (LLM) ameliorated this phenotype. Constant light exposure disturbed the expression pattern of a series of transcripts, including lipid metabolism, circadian regulation and nuclear receptors in the liver. Melatonin also showed beneficial effects in improving lipid metabolism and circadian rhythm homeostasis. Furthermore, the LL group had increased absorption and digestion of lipids in the intestine as evidenced by the elevated influx of lipids in the duodenum and decrease in the efflux of lipids in the jejunum. More interestingly, melatonin ameliorated the gut microbiota dysbiosis and improved lipid efflux from the intestine. Thus, these findings offer a novel clue regarding the obesity-promoting effect attributed to LAN and suggest a possibility for obesity therapy by melatonin in which melatonin could ameliorate rhythm disorder and intestinal dysbiosis.

scholarly journals Parametry metabolizma i gemostazapri endogennom giperkortitsizme s narusheniemuglevodnogo obmena

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
G G Petrik ◽  
S A Pavlishchuk
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Low Density Lipoproteins ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Average Volume ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the study was to determine peculiarities of protein and lipid metabolism as well as platelet-coagulation hemostasis depending on the pathogenesis of the endogenous hypercortisolism and assessment of the impact of chronic hyperglycemia on studied parameters. Materials and methods. The study included 19 patients with pituitary microadenomas with median age of 45,0 (41; 49) years and 9 patients with nodular adrenal gland hyperplasia aged 49,5 (42; 57) years, 14 of whom had diabetes mellitus. Results. Biochemical and coagulation parameters in patients with endogenous hyperpercortisolism regardless of ethiology Cushing`s syndrome differed from the control group in increased concentration of total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, alpha2-globulins and decreased gamma globulins, as well as in increased average volume of platelets and enhanced aggregation properties. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders were not characterized by significant differences in metabolic parameters and platelet hemostasis, but were accompanied by the reduction of APTT.

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Diabetes and Multivessel or Left Main Disease – a Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Donald E Cutlip ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Bare Metal Stents ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Metal Stents ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Impact

Coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes is frequently a diffuse process with multivessel involvement and is associated with increased risk for myocardial infarction and death. The role of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with diabetes and multivessel disease who require revascularisation has been debated and remains uncertain. The debate has been continued mainly because of the question to what degree an increased risk for in-stent restenosis among patients with diabetes contributes to other late adverse outcomes. This article reviews outcomes from early trials of balloon angioplasty versus CABG through later trials of bare-metal stents versus CABG and more recent data with drug-eluting stents as the comparator. Although not all studies have been powered to show statistical significance, the results have been generally consistent with a mortality benefit for CABG versus PCI, despite differential risks for restenosis with the various PCI approaches. The review also considers the impact of mammary artery grafting of the left anterior descending artery and individual case selection on these results, and proposes an algorithm for selection of patients in whom PCI remains a reasonable strategy.

Model estimates of the results of diabetes patients using modern glucometers with tri-color technology for displaying test results

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
Larisa Dmitrievna Popovich ◽  
Svetlana Valentinovna Svetlichnaya ◽  
Aleksandr Alekseevich Moiseev
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Impact

Diabetes – a disease in which the effect of the treatment substantially depends on the patient. Known a study showed that the use of glucometers with the technology of three-color display of test results facilitates self-monitoring of blood sugar and leads to a decrease in glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc). Purpose of the study: to modeling the impact of using of a glucometer with a color-coded display on the clinical outcomes of diabetes mellitus and calculating, the potential economic benefits of reducing the hospitalization rate of patients with diabetes. Material and methods. Based on data from two studies (O. Schnell et al. and M. Baxter et al.) simulation of the reduction in the number of complications with the use of a glucometer with a color indication. In a study by O. Schnell et al. a decrease of HbA1c by 0.69 percent is shown when using the considered type of glucometers, which was the basis of the model. Results. In the model, the use of a glucometer with a color-coded display for type 1 diabetes led to a decrease in the total number of complications by 9.2 thousand over 5 years per a cohort of 40 thousand patients with different initial levels of HbA1c. In a cohort of 40 thousand patients with type 2 diabetes, the simulated number of prevented complications was 1.7 thousand over 5 years. When extrapolating these data to all patients with diabetes included in the federal register of diabetes mellitus (FRD), the number of prevented complications was 55.4 thousand cases for type 1 diabetes and 67.1 thousand cases for type 2 diabetes. The possible economic effect from the use of the device by all patients with a diagnosis of diabetes, which are included in the FRD, estimated at 1.5 billion rubles for a cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes and 5.3 billion rubles for patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion. Improving the effectiveness of self-monitoring, which is the result of the use of glucometers with color indicators, can potentially significantly reduce the incidence of complications in diabetes and thereby provide significant economic benefits to society.

HBOT Application at Cases of Gingival Inflammation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilma Robo
Keyword(s):  
Root Resorption ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Gingival Inflammation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Mechanical Therapy ◽  
The Impact

The treatment of periodontal diseases, mainly of their origin, with the most common clinical manifestation in form of gingival inflammation, is manifold and powerful, including: mechanical therapy, antibiotic, antiseptic and various approaches to treatment, which are recommended to be used within a short period of time. New therapeutic approaches have been proven as alternative treatment to conventional therapy, or in combination with conventional therapies, to reduce the number of periodontopathic pathogens in gingival sulcus. HBOT has a detrimental effect on periodontal microorganisms, as well as beneficial effects on the healing of periodontal tissue, increasing oxygen pressure in gingival pockets. Our study is aimed at reviewing the current published literature on hyperbaric oxygen therapy and focuses on role of HBOT as a therapeutic measure for the individual with periodontal disease in general and for the impact on the recovery of gingival inflammation. HBOT and periodontal treatment together, reduce up to 99% of the gram-negative anaerobic load of subgingival flora. HBOT, significantly reduces subgingival anaerobic flora. Clinical effects in 2-year follow-up of treated patients are sensitive. Reduction of gingival hemorrhage indexes, depth of peritoneum, plaque index, occurs in cases of combination of HBOT and detraction. Reduced load persists up to 2 months after therapy. The significant increase in connective tissue removal starts at the end of 2nd week, to achieve the maximum in week 3-6 of application. HBOT used for re-implantation, stimulates the healing of periodontal membrane, pulp, prevents root resorption, healing of periodontal lining tissues. HBOT, significantly reduces the hemorrhage index with 1.2 value difference, 0.7mm probe depth, reduces gingival fluid by 2. HGH exposure is increased by gingival blood flow, with a difference of 2 in measured value. The therapeutic effects of HBOT in the value of the evaluation index can be saved up to 1-year post treatment.

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