GC/MS Profiling and Ex Vivo Antibacterial Activity of Salvadora persica (Siwak) against Enterococcus faecalis as Intracanal Medicament

Introduction. Salvadora persica L. (S. persica, Siwak) has been used for many centuries as oral hygiene tools, particularly in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of S. persica petroleum ether extract (SPE) as an intracanal bactericidal for endodontic treatment against Enterococcus faecalis. Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 gold standard intracanal medicament was used for comparison. Methods. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out to identify the components of SPE. First, the consistency of SPE was accomplished according to ANSI/ADA specification no 57. Forty-five single-rooted mandibular premolars were infected with that of E. faecalis suspension. Colony-forming units (CFU) were counted before the medicaments’ application (CFU-1) and after seven days of their applications (CFU-2). Group I: SPE, Group II: positive control Ca(OH)2, and Group III: saline solution negative control. The microdilution method was applied to determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of SPE. Results. Thirty-two compounds were identified (89.09%), with main components of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) (33.32%) and steroids (34%). CFU before and after using SPE and Ca(OH)2 recorded a statistically significant reduction in bacterial count ( P = 0.006 ) and ( P = 0.01 ), respectively. There was an insignificant difference between CFU after using SPE and Ca(OH)2 ( P = 0.210 ). On the contrary, comparing both medicaments with the negative control saline group resulted in significant differences, ( P = 0.001 ) and ( P = 0.007 ), respectively. Moreover, the equality of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SPE is recorded. Conclusion. This finding could be referred to the high content of bactericidal BITC in synergism with other antimicrobial components, representing 70.71% of SPE. Thus, SPE is a good candidate as an intracanal medicament, which warrants further investigation.

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Synergistic Effect of Plant Extracts on Endodontic Pathogens Isolated from Teeth with Root Canal Treatment Failure: An In Vitro Study

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10050552 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 552

Author(s):

Suraj Arora ◽

Shahabe Saquib ◽

Youssef Algarni ◽

Mohammed Kader ◽

Irfan Ahmad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Synergistic Effect ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽

Salvadora Persica ◽

Actinomyces Naeslundii

Background and objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from Salvadora persica (Miswak), Commiphora molmol (myrrh) and Azadirachta indica (neem) in combination with commercially available antimicrobial agents: penicillin, tetracycline, ofloxacin and fluconazole on endodontic pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mitis, Actinomyces naeslundii and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: Microbiological samples from the root canals of the teeth undergoing retreatment were taken using sterile paper points kept at full length in the canal for 30 seconds. The disc diffusion method was used to check the susceptibility of microbes to the plant extracts and antimicrobials by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones. Against the microbes, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the plant extracts were assessed. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was used to estimate the synergistic effect of plant extracts combined with antimicrobials against the resistant endodontic microbes. Results: The findings clearly indicate the effectiveness of all the three plant extracts, Commiphora molmol, Azadirachta indica, Salvadora persica, against all the experimental pathogenic microorganisms except for the ineffectiveness of Azadirachta indica, Salvadora persica against Candida albicans. Maximum antimicrobial activity was displayed by Azadirachta indica against Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 0.09 ± 1.2 mg/mL, MBC = 0.78 ± 1.25 mg/mL) and the minimum antimicrobial activity was displayed by Commiphora molmol against Actinomyces naeslundii (MIC = 12.5 ± 3.25 mg/mL, MBC = 100 ± 3.75 mg/mL). The best synergy was displayed by Commiphora molmol with fluconazole against Candida albicans (FICI = 0.45). Conclusions: The current study delineates the variable antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against the experimental endodontic pathogenic microorganisms. Plant extracts in conjunction with various antimicrobials can be valuable aids in combating relatively resistant endodontic microorganisms that have been the cause of worry in recent years, leading to failure even in treatment procedures following all required protocols.

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Antibacterial Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis, Zingiber officinale, Citrus aurantium bergamia, and Copaifera officinalis Alone and in Combination with Calcium Hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/8129439 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Silmara Silva ◽

Nayane Alves ◽

Priscila Silva ◽

Thalita Vieira ◽

Panmella Maciel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Growth Control ◽

Zingiber Officinale ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽

Citrus Aurantium

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different concentrations of essential oils combined with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis. Thirteen experimental groups were formed: NC (negative control); PC (positive control); GC (growth control); SC (sterilization control); RO (Rosmarinus officinalis); ROH (calcium hydroxide + RO); ZO (Zingiber officinale); ZOH (calcium hydroxide + ZO); AB (Citrus aurantium bergamia); ABH (calcium hydroxide + AB); CO (Copaifera officinalis); COH (calcium hydroxide + CO); DWH (calcium hydroxide and distilled water). After reconstitution of the E. faecalis strain, microdilution testing was performed to define the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The data were tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet, and the MIC and MBC were calculated in accordance with the Bacteriological Analytical Handbook. MICs in the range of 0 to 100 mg/ml were only observed in the ROH group. The RO, ROH, AB, ZO, and ZOH presented absolute data for MBC. Bacterial growth was detected in the DWH group at all concentrations tested. The combination of the essential oils tested here with calcium hydroxide appears promising as an intracanal medication in endodontic treatment because of its effectiveness against Enterococcus faecalis. Essential oils are important in endodontic therapy since calcium hydroxide, the gold standard intracanal medication, is not effective against E. faecalis.

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Comparative Activity of Daptomycin and Teicoplanin against Enterococci Isolated from Blood and Urine

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1155/1992/257026 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 173-178

Author(s):

Kevin R Forward ◽

Patricia DeGagne ◽

Kathryn R Bartlett ◽

Godfrey K Harding

Keyword(s):

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Suitable Alternative ◽

Time Kill ◽

Comparative Activity ◽

Enterococcal Infections

The authors compared the activity of daptomycin with that of ampicillin, penicillin, teicoplanin and vancomycin against 304 strains ofEnterococcusspecies isolated from blood and urine. Daptomycin was as active as penicillin againstEnterococcus faecalis: 90% of strains were inhibited by 2 mg/L. Daptomycin was more active than vancomycin (90% minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC90] 2 mg/L; 90% minimal bactericidal concentration [MBC90] 8 mg/L) but was less active than teicoplanin (MIC500.25; MBC908 mg/L) or ampicillin (MIC901 mg/L; MBC902 mg/L) againstE faecalis. In time-kill studies daptomycin was not more rapidly bactericidal than ampicillin or penicillin but was significantly more rapidly bactericidal than either teicoplanin or vancomycin. In combination with gentamicin, daptomycin has activity similar to that of penicillin, vancomycin and teicoplanin. Daptomycin may be a suitable alternative to penicillin in patients allergic to penicillins or for the treatment of enterococcal infections caused by beta-lactamase-producing enterococci.

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DAYA ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN KEDONDONG BANGKOK (Spondias dulcis Forst.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Enterococcus faecalis Antibacterial Potency of Kedondong Bangkok Leaves Extract (Spondias dulcis Forst.) against Enterococcus faecalis Bacteria

Conservative Dentistry Journal ◽

10.20473/cdj.v6i2.2016.110-116 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 110

Author(s):

Singgih Harseno ◽

Latief Mooduto ◽

Eric Priyo Prasetyo

Keyword(s):

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Bacterial Growth ◽

Root Canal ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Control Group ◽

Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Endodontic Infection ◽

Post Test

Background. The prevalence of endodontic infection after root canal treatment caused by the Enterococcus faecalis bacteria ranged between 24-77%. It is caused by resilience and virulence from Enterococcus faecalis. An alternative solution have to be done toward irrigation of root canal wall which is effective to kill bacteria. Kedondong Bangkok (Spondias dulcis Forst.) is one of the plants or natural substance potentially as an antibacteria. The antibacterial potencies of Kedondong Bangkok leaves extract (Spondias dulcis Forst.) against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria could be identified by determining Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Purpose. This study is aimed to prove antibacterial potencies by identifying Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Kedondong Bangkok leaves extract (Spondias dulcis Forst.) against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria. Method. This study is an experimental laboratories through research design of The Post Test Only Control Group Design. Value of MIC and MBC were known by counting the growth of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria by treating the leaves extract of Kedondong Bangkok with concentration respectively 25%, 22,5%, 20%,17,5%, 15%, and 12,5% on nutrient agar media in CFU/ml. Result. In the concentration 12,5% there are 8.8% bacterial growth and in the concentration 15% there are no bacterial growth. Conclusion. Kedondong Bangkok leaf extract (Spondias dulcis Forst.) has an antibacterial potency against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria. The MIC shows in concentration of 12,5% and the MBC shows in concentration of 15%.

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Inhibitory effects of siwak (Salvadora persica. L) extract on the growth of Enterococcus faecalis planktonics and biofilms by in vitro

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) ◽

10.20473/j.djmkg.v49.i3.p158-162 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 158

Author(s):

Ika Rhisty Cendana Sari ◽

Rini Devijanti Ridwan ◽

Diah Savitri Ernawati

Keyword(s):

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Secondary Infection ◽

Surface Protein ◽

Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽

Assay Method ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Active Components ◽

Salvadora Persica

Background: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is one of the most persistent gram positive bacteria in root canal, resulting in secondary infection after endodontic treatment. E. faecalis pathogenicity is caused by overgrowth of E. faecalis planktonics and biofilms. E. faecalis planktonics produce lipoteichoid acid (LTA) as a virulence factor that can defend their permeability cell. On the other hand, E. faecalis biofilms produce protease, such as Esp (enterococcal surface protein), GelE (gelatinase), and SprE (serin protease), that have quorum-sensing mechanism as an adhesion factor to form extracellular polysaccharide substance (EPS) and increase the growth of the biofilms themselves. Siwak (Salvadora persica L.) has active components, namely benzylisothio-cyanate, trimethylamine, and salvadorine that can inhibit the growth of E. faecalis planktonics and biofilms. Purpose: This study aimed to measure inhibitory effects of siwak extract on the growth of E. faecalis planktonics and biofilms. Method: This research was an antimicrobial research on the culture of E.faecalis incubated in a TSB medium. Siwak extract was diluted into different concentrations, namely 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, and 100%. The extract then was placed into the E. faecalis’s colony and planted into Trypticase Soy Agar medium. After incubated for 24 hours at 37°C, the colony would be measured and compared with the control (+) and control (-). As an antibiofilm research, this research used biofilm microtitter assay method to form E. faecalis biofilms incubated in a well-plate medium containing TSB and 0.1 % glucose. Siwak extract then was diluted into the same range concentration as in first method, and placed into the colony of E. faecalis to form biofilms. The biofilms were measured and compared to the control (+) given siwak extract and the control (-) given 0.1% chlorhexidine. After the incubation, they were washed three times, and staining process was conducted using Chrystal violet. The optical density then was measured by ELISA Reader 595 nm. Result: Siwak extract could inhibit the growth of E. faecalis planktonics at the concentration of 35% as a minimum inhibitory concentration as well as the growth of E. faecalis biofilms at the concentration of 45% as a minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration. Conclusion: Siwak extract has an inhibitory effect, particularly at a concentration of 35% on the growth of E. faecalis planktonics and at the concentration of 45% on the growth of E. faecalis biofilms.

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Bactericidal and Antibiofilm Activity of Anacardic Acid Loaded-Zein Nanoparticles Against Enterococcus faecalis Ex Vivo

Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience ◽

10.1166/jctn.2020.9270 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 2918-2925

Author(s):

Ialle Gurgel Borges ◽

Jennifer Thayanne Cavalcante de Araújo ◽

Francisco Fábio Oliveira de Sousa

Keyword(s):

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Negative Control ◽

Anacardic Acid ◽

Antibiofilm Activity ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Sterile Saline ◽

Microdilution Method ◽

Viable Bacteria

Anacardic acid has demonstrated extraordinary antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal activity of zein nanoparticles containing anacardic acid and its effectiveness against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. The minimum inhibitory and bactericide concentrations of zein blank and loaded nanoparticles were determined using the microdilution method. Fifty-four human root specimens were used in 4 groups as follows: anacardic acid nanoparticles; blank zein nanoparticles; chlorhexidine gluconate 2% solution; sterile saline solution 0.9% (negative control) to evaluate the antibiofilm activity over 30 days. An inoculum-free group was used to validate the experimental protocol. Microbial collections were done before and 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after the treatments. Anacardic acid nanoparticles presented remarkable inhibitory (0.042 yiig/ml) and bactericide (0.083 yiig/ml) activity against E. faecalis. The groups anacardic acid and blank zein nanoparticles presented a considerable reduction on the viable bacteria levels over 30 days (99.93 and 99.55%, respectively), comparable to chlorhexidine. No treatment was able to fully eliminate E. faecalis biofilms overtime. Blank nanoparticles also demonstrated satisfactory results, even so no inhibition was observed in the microdilution method. Scanning Electron Microscopic images revealed the presence of residual biofilms on the dentin surfaces of all groups and stages evaluated. Anacardic acid nanoparticles were found to be a potent bactericide agent against E. faecalis. While chlorhexidine and anacardic acid nanoparticles acted chemically; blank zein nanoparticles possibly functioned as a physical barrier preventing E. faecalis proliferation.

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Assessment of Anticonvulsant Activities of Petroleum Ether Extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum Roots on Experimental Rats

Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research ◽

10.18502/pbr.v7i1.7356 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bashir A. Yousef ◽

Zeinab Awad ◽

Somaya Adam ◽

Setalbanat Abdelgadir ◽

Ansam Mergani

Keyword(s):

Petroleum Ether ◽

Petroleum Ether Extract ◽

Negative Control ◽

Neurological Symptoms ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Protection Rate ◽

Main Components ◽

Anticonvulsant Activities

Background: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of the petroleum ether extract of the root of Anacyclus pyrethrum on Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure model in Wistar rats. Methods: The composition of the petroleum ether extract of A. pyrethrum was first analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Subsequently, the anticonvulsant activities of these extracts (70 and 140 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) were evaluated on PTZ-induced seizures in rats. The protection rate against induced seizures, latency, and duration of seizures, as well as neurological symptoms, were assessed and compared to those protected by phenobarbital. Results: GC/MS analysis of the petroleum ether extract showed that the main components were octadecadienoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, diheptylcyclopropene, naphthalene, and methyl stearate. The extract (70 and 140 mg/kg) was found to provide significant protection against PTZ-induced seizures. Moreover, compared to the negative control, the extracts increased the latency of induced-convulsion and reduced the duration of epilepsy. Interestingly, the extracts showed a reduction in neurological symptoms and the severity of seizures compared to the negative control. All of these outcomes manifested in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The petroleum ether extract of A. pyrethrum may produce anticonvulsant effects by reducing the duration of seizures and delaying the latency of seizures induced by PTZ.

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Ex-vivo Effect of Intracanal Medications Based on Ozone and Calcium Hydroxide in Root Canals Contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201301992 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 103-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Roberta Vieira Farac ◽

Antonio Carlos Pizzolitto ◽

Juliane Maria Guerreiro Tanomaru ◽

Renata Dornelles Morgental ◽

Regina Karla de Pontes Lima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Human Teeth ◽

Root Canals ◽

Colony Forming Units

This ex vivo study evaluated the antibacterial effect of intracanal medications in root canals contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis. Fifty single-rooted human teeth were contaminated with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) and incubated at 37°C for 21 days. The specimens were randomly divided into 5 groups according to the intracanal medication used: OZ-PG: ozonized propylene glycol; CH/CPMC: calcium hydroxide/camphorated paramonochlorophenol; OZ-PG/CH ozonized PG/CH; PC: positive control group (no medication); and NC: negative control group (no contamination). The samples were collected after 7 days (post-medication) and 14 days (final). Bacterial growth was checked by counting the colony-forming units (CFU). OZ-PG and CH/CPMC reduced significantly the CFU counts compared with PC in the post-medication and final samples, with no statistically significant differences among them. On the other hand, OZ-PG/CH did not reduce significantly the number of bacteria compared with PC. In conclusion, among the evaluated medications OZ-PG and CH/CPMC were the most effective against E. faecalis.

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Evaluation of Photodynamic Therapy Using a Diode Laser 635 nm as an Adjunct to Conventional Chemo-Mechanical Endodontic Procedures against Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm: Ex-Vivo Study

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10082925 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 2925

Author(s):

Gianluca Tenore ◽

Gaspare Palaia ◽

Guido Migliau ◽

Ahmed Mohsen ◽

Federica Rocchetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Diode Laser ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Mechanical Treatment ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Endodontic Treatment ◽

Control Group

The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the use of Toluidine Blue (TB) on extracted teeth infected with biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis. Fifty-four extracted teeth with single-roots and single canals were mechanically shaped, autoclaved, and contaminated with E. faecalis. They were randomly divided into six groups: two groups were negative and positive control groups, two groups were subjected to mechanical instrumentation and PDT with different pre-irradiation times and irradiation times, and two groups were subjected to chemo-mechanical endodontic treatment and PDT with different pre-irradiation times and irradiation times. In PDT groups, after the application of TB, the canals were irradiated with a diode laser of wavelength 635 nm, with a fiber diameter of 200 μm and 100 mW of power in continuous mode. The bacterial load was evaluated using a BioTimer Assay protocol. The greatest reduction of bacterial load was observed in groups of combined PDT with chemo-mechanical treatment. The reductions of bacterial load in groups of combined PDT with chemo-mechanical treatment, and in the positive control group, were significant (p < 0.01) when compared to that of the negative control group. Photodynamic therapy as an adjunctive modality may improve the disinfection capacity of conventional endodontic treatment against E. faecalis.

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Minimal Inhibitory Concentration and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) extracts against standard microorganisms

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology ◽

10.52711/0974-360x.2021.00810 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 4662-4666

Author(s):

Hiral Vasavada ◽

Sailaja Inampudi

Keyword(s):

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Minimal Bactericidal Concentration

Different plant extracts are considerably safe from infectious agents and may be used for medical purposes. The present research was conducted against the six standard microorganisms to quantify the antimicrobial activities of peppermint (Mentha piperita) extracts. The traditional approaches of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were used to approximate the antibacterial activities of ethanol, methanol, and chloroform peppermint extracts. The inhibitory function of the ethanol extract was comparable to that of chloroform (10 to 80mg/ml) and methanol (10 to 80mg/ml) against all gram-negative microorganisms. The minimum value of MIC was recorded for Streptococcus pyogenes (5mg/ml for extract of ethanol), followed by E. coli (10mg/ml for extract of ethanol) and then by Enterococcus faecalis (15mg/ml for extract of ethanol). With respect to the standard microorganisms, the MBC values were higher for both extracts than the corresponding MIC values. This work demonstrated the possible efficacy of antibacterial action on M. Piperita extracts from normal microorganisms (A. Baumenii, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae), particularly ethanol extract. In summary, the peppermint ethanol extract had important growth-inhibiting effects on observed standard micro-organisms, followed by chloroform and methanol extracts. Further to in vitro and in vivo studies on a wide variety of natural microorganisms and therapeutic isolates are required to investigate and standardize the inhibitory activity of peppermint extracts against the most dangerous human pathogenic agents.

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