scholarly journals Gene Expression of PSORI-CM01 and Yinxieling in the Treatment of Psoriasis Vulgaris

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yue Lu ◽  
Yao Qi ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Yuhong Yan ◽  
Danni Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Psoriasis Vulgaris ◽  
Drug Action ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Before And After

Background. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms of action of the PSORI-CM01 and Yinxieling formulas in the treatment of patients with psoriasis vulgaris by analyzing gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods. PBMC samples were collected from 21 patients before and after treatment. The study included nine patients in the PSORI-CM01 treatment group, 12 patients in the Yinxieling treatment group, and nine patients in the healthy control group. Gene expression levels in PBMCs were determined using the Affymetrix gene chip technology. Results. In the PSORI-CM01 group before and after treatment, a total of 668 differentially expressed genes were found, of which 445 were upregulated and 223 were downregulated. Before and after Yinxieling treatment, 657 differentially expressed genes were found, of which 168 were upregulated and 489 were downregulated. Venn analysis showed that 78 genes were not differentially expressed in the PSORI-CM01 group and 74 were not differentially expressed in the Yinxieling group compared with those in the controls. Among these genes, 72 genes were common to both groups, which were the genes on which the two drugs acted jointly. The results of KEGG analysis and Venn analysis on the signalling pathways of drug action in treatment groups showed that haemostasis and pathways involving Rho GTPases were common signalling pathways of drug action in the two groups. Conclusions. By a comparative analysis of the treatment groups, we found that both drugs have a positive effect on patients with psoriasis vulgaris, primarily by regulating the pathways related to platelet activation, aggregation, and blood coagulation. Trial registration: ChiCTR, ChiCTR-TRC-14005185, Registered 8 August 2014, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=4390

scholarly journals Gene Expression Profiling of Reticulocytes in Patients with Hereditary Spherocytosis after Depleting Globin Gene Transcripts

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 1255-1255
Author(s):  
Reena Das ◽  
Aggarwal Anu ◽  
Manu Jamwal ◽  
Prashant Sharma ◽  
Man Updesh Singh Sachdeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Microarray Analysis ◽  
Hereditary Spherocytosis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Transcriptome Profile ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Carnitine Metabolism ◽  
Global Transcriptome

Abstract Introduction Global transcriptome analysis of circulating reticulocytes using microarrays is challenging due to the high abundance of globin transcripts. In order to accurately measure the transcriptome in reticulocytes, we planned to study the reticulocytes transcriptome profile before and after globin depletion. Patients with Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS) were recruited because of high reticulocytosis and also there was no global trancriptome profile available for the disease to the best of our knowledge. Methods Reticulocytes were purified by passing EDTA anticoagulated red cell suspensions through a column of microcrystalline cellulose and α-cellulose mixture. The extraction of total RNA was done fresh prior to microarray analysis using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) and RNeasy columns as per manufacturer's instruction. The globin transcripts were depleted with starting quantity of 3 µg of total RNA.using GLOBINclearTMHuman kit (Ambion, Austin, TX). RNA quality were assessed before and after depletion using Agilent Technologies 2100 Bioanalyzer in each sample used for the study. The Agilent Low Input Quick Amp Labelling kit was used to generate cRNA with a sample input of 200 ng total RNA in single-color microarray analysis (SurePrint G3 Human Gene Expression v3 8x60K Microarray, G4858A- 072363). cRNA was hybridized for 17 hours at 65˚C. After thorough washing, the results were extracted with Feature Extraction Project software and analysed using GeneSpring v13.0. For this study, differentially expressed genes were identified according to the criteria: t-test unpaired p (Corr) cut-off = 0.05 and fold-change cut-off of 2.0. These differentially expressed genes were imported in PANTHER (Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships) classification system to classify the genes. Results Transcriptome profiling of reticulocyte RNA from HS patients revealed 5318 annotated transcripts and 2744 lnc-RNA/uncharacterized transcripts to be differentially regulated before globin depletion. After globin depletion increase (8196 annotated transcripts and 4292 lnc-RNA) in the number of differentially regulated genes were observed. An increase of 54% and 56% was seen in annotated transcripts and noncoding transcripts respectively after globin depletion. This increased coverage may be attributed to the removal of the globin transcript. Gene Ontology analysis for molecular function, biological process, cellular component and protein class did not reveal any difference in the percentage of the category, though the number of transcripts was more after depletion. There were approximately 7% more pathways in the globin transcript depleted samples. Namely, 2-arachidonoylglycerol biosynthesis, biotin biosynthesis, carnitine metabolism, cobalamin biosynthesis, coenzyme a linked carnitine metabolism, cysteine biosynthesis, flavin biosynthesis, phenylalanine biosynthesis, sulfate assimilation, tyrosine biosynthesis pathways, etc. were elucidated only after globin depletion. Conclusions The globin transcript reduction followed by microarray analysis represents a robust methodology for studying pathophysiology of hematologic diseases which are not related to globin chain disorders. Furthermore we describe the global transcriptome profile of HS for the first time. Globin transcript depletion elucidates the better number of the transcripts and eventually the pathways which may have been earlier masked under the abundance of globin mRNAs. Pathway analysis and validation experiments are required to explain the role of these differentially expressed genes in the pathophysiology of HS. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Research and Clinical Significance of the Differentially Expressed Genes TP63 and LMO4 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 155798832110113
Author(s):  
Wenrui Xue ◽  
Xin Zheng ◽  
Xiaopeng Hu ◽  
Yu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Go Enrichment ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma

To study the differential gene expression and clinical significance in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals (HIVIIs) with penile squamous cell carcinoma. At our hospital from 2019 to 2020, we selected six samples of HIV-related penile squamous cell carcinoma for the experimental group and six samples of non-HIV-related penile squamous cell carcinoma for the control group. Transcriptome sequencing of sample mRNAs was performed by high-throughput sequencing. Differential gene expression analysis, differential Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and differential Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were carried out, and the reads per kilobase per million reads (RPKM) value was used as a measure of gene expression. A total of 2418 differentially expressed genes were obtained, of which 663 were upregulated and 1755 were downregulated (absolute value of logFC >1 and p value <.05). On the basis of the significance of the GO enrichment analysis, we found that the tumor protein p63 (TP63) gene was significantly upregulated and that the LIM domain only 4 (LMO4) gene was significantly downregulated in the experimental group compared with the control group. KEGG pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed that DNA replication was the most significant pathway associated with the upregulated genes and cell adhesion molecule (CAM) metabolism was the most significant pathway associated with the downregulated genes. The gene expression profiles of HIV-related penile squamous cell carcinoma and non-HIV-related penile squamous cell carcinoma are significantly different and involve significant GO enrichment and KEGG metabolic pathways, and this is very meaningful for the study of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs). Differential expression of genes may be an important target for the prevention of penile squamous cell carcinoma in HIVIIs.

Gene Expression Profiles of CD34+ Cells in Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 5078-5078
Author(s):  
Monika Belickova ◽  
Alzbeta Vasikova ◽  
Eva Budinska ◽  
Jaroslav Cermak
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Cd34 Cells

Abstract Myelodysplatic syndrome (MDS) represents a heterogeneous group of clonal disorders with ineffective hematopoiesis that is characterized by dysplasia and peripheral cytopenia of one or more cell lineages. We studied gene expression profiles in CD34+ cells of 42 MDS patients and 6 healthy controls using Illumina cDNA microarray technology. Nine patients had RA, 7 patients had RCMD, 17 patients had RAEB and 9 had RAEB-T. CD34+ cells were isolated from bone marrow samples using MACS magnetic columns. The quality of total extracted RNA was confirmed with the Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100. 200ng of total RNA was amplified using Illumina RNA amplification kit. cRNA targets were hybridized on the Sentrix HumanRef-8 BeadChips (&gt; 24 000 probes), which were scanned on the Illumina BeadStation 500. The data were pre-processed and normalized by lumi R package designed to preprocess the Illumina microarray data. Normalized data were filtered by detection p-value &lt;0.01, resulting in total number of 10 091 genes. This gene set was tested for differential expression between clinical groups and control group. For this purpose, statistical testing by ANOVA with correction for multiple testing problem by Bayesian thresholding was performed. Additionally, analysis by random-forests (RAFT) was performed. Significant genes from both analyses were merged resulting in 332 differentially expressed genes detected. Out of these, 79 genes showed ≥2.5 fold changes in gene expression between controls and all MDS groups (22 up-regulated and 57 down-regulated). Our findings were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR for several genes (TaqMan Gene Expression Assays). We used DAVID database to annotate 79 selected genes: 8 of 22 up-regulated genes in MDS patients were recognized to play a role in regulation of transcription (LEO1, E2F6 and several zing finger proteins). A half of these over-expressed genes could not be annotated due to still unknown biological function. Within the set of the down-regulated genes in MDS patients those biological processes were predominantly detected: cell differentiation (KLF4, FOSL2, STK17B, BCL3, SNF1LK, ID2 etc.), response to stress (CXCL12, SMAD7, CYGB, etc.) and cell proliferation (MXD1, OSM, FTH1, KLF10 etc.). In the set of 31 genes with 5 fold decreased expression, we identified 8 genes involved in B-cell development. (VPREB1, VPREB3, CD79A, EBI2, LEF1, CXCL12, CTGF, GALNAC4S-6ST). RAFT analysis was performed also in the set of 332 statistically differentially expressed genes in order to evaluate accuracy of grouping the patients according their diagnosis. We detected strong heterogeneity in gene expression patterns within the MDS patients, especially in the RAEB group reflecting clinical diversity of MDS. Clustering analysis (Spearman correlation) showed that most of the RAEB-2 patients (7 out of 9) were clustered together with REAB-T whereas RAEB-1 clustered with RCMD or RA. These results underline the need of distinguishing RAEB-1 and RAEB-2 diagnosis according to WHO classification system, since their expression profiles are significantly different.

The Genetics Analysis of Molecular Pathogenesis for Alzheimer's Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 458-467
Author(s):  
Guanchuan Lin ◽  
Kaiyuan Ji ◽  
Shiyu Li ◽  
Wenli Ma ◽  
Xinghua Pan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Molecular Pathogenesis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Membrane Structures

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is still not clear, and the relationship between gene expression profile for different brain regions has not been studied. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> Bioinformatic analysis at the genetic level has become the best way for the pathogenesis research of AD, which can analyze the abovementioned relationship. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this study, the datasets of AD were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and Qlucore Omics Explorer (QOE) software was used to screen differentially expressed genes of GSE36980 and GSE9770 and verify gene expression of GSE63060. The Gene Ontology (GO) function enrichment analysis of these selected genes was conducted by Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), and then the gene/protein interaction network was established by STRING to find the related proteins. R language was used for drafting maps and plots. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There were 20 differentially expressed genes related to AD selected from GSE36980 (<i>p</i> = 6.2e<sup>−6</sup>, <i>q</i> = 2.9422e<sup>−4</sup>) and GSE9770 (<i>p</i> = 3.3e<sup>−4</sup>, <i>q</i> = 0.016606). Their expression levels of the AD group were lower than those in the control group and varied among different brain regions. Cellular morphogenesis and establishment or maintenance of cell polarity were enriched, and <i>LRRTM1</i> and <i>RASAL1</i> were identified by the integration network. Moreover, the analysis of GSE63060 verified the expression level of <i>LRRTM1</i> and <i>RASAL1</i> in Alzheimer’s patients, which was much lower than that in normal people aged &#x3e;65 years. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The pathogenesis of AD at molecular levels may link to cell membrane structures and signal transduction; hence, a list of 20 genes, including <i>LRRTM1</i> and <i>RASAL1,</i>potentially are important for the discovery of treatment target or molecular marker of AD.

scholarly journals Controlled reoxygenation cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with reduced transcriptomic changes in cyanotic tetralogy of Fallot patients undergoing surgery

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (22) ◽  
pp. 1098-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed T. Ghorbel ◽  
Amir Mokhtari ◽  
Maimuna Sheikh ◽  
Gianni D. Angelini ◽  
Massimo Caputo
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Metabolic Process ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Upregulated Genes ◽  
Transport Factors

In cyanotic patients undergoing repair of heart defects, high level of oxygen during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) leads to greater susceptibility to myocardial ischemia and reoxygenation injury. This study investigates the effects of controlled reoxygenation CPB on gene expression changes in cyanotic hearts of patients undergoing surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). We randomized 49 cyanotic TOF patients undergoing corrective cardiac surgery to receive either controlled reoxygenation or hyperoxic/standard CPB. Ventricular myocardium biopsies were obtained immediately after starting and before discontinuing CPB. Microarray analyses were performed on samples, and array results validated with real-time PCR. Gene expression profiles before and after hyperoxic/standard CPB revealed 35 differentially expressed genes with three upregulated and 32 downregulated. Upregulated genes included two E3 Ubiquitin ligases. The products of downregulated genes included intracellular signaling kinases, metabolic process proteins, and transport factors. In contrast, gene expression profiles before and after controlled reoxygenation CPB revealed only 11 differentially expressed genes with 10 upregulated including extracellular matrix proteins, transport factors, and one downregulated. The comparison of gene expression following hyperoxic/standard vs. controlled reoxygenation CPB revealed 59 differentially expressed genes, with six upregulated and 53 downregulated. Upregulated genes included PDE1A, MOSC1, and CRIP3. Downregulated genes functionally clustered into four major classes: extracellular matrix/cell adhesion, transcription, transport, and cellular metabolic process. This study provides direct evidence that hyperoxic CPB decreases the adaptation and remodeling capacity in cyanotic patients undergoing TOF repair. This simple CPB strategy of controlled reoxygenation reduced the number of genes whose expression was altered following hyperoxic/standard CPB.

Differential Gene Expression after Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) Treatment: A Novel Pilot Protocol for Salivary mRNA Assessment

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
Marjorie Maharaj ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Differential Gene Expression ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Emotional Freedom Techniques

You are here: Home › Differential Gene Expression after Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) Treatment: A Novel Pilot Protocol for Salivary mRNA Assessment doi 10.9769/EPJ.2016.8.1.MM Marjorie E. Maharaj, Department of Applied Psychology, Akamai University, Hilo, HI Abstract: Biopsychology is a rapidly expanding field of study since the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003. There is little data measuring the effect of psychotherapeutic interventions on gene expression, due to the technical, logistical, and financial requirements of analysis. Being able to measure easily the effects of therapeutic experiences can validate the benefits of intervention. In order to test the feasibility of gene expression testing in a private practice setting, this study compared messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and gene expression before and after psychotherapy and a control condition. With four non-clinical adult participants, it piloted a novel methodology using saliva stored at room temperature. A preliminary test of the interleukin- 8 (IL8) gene in both blood and saliva was performed in order to determine equivalency in the two biofluids; convergent validity was found. Following saliva test validation, a broad, genome-wide analysis was performed to detect differential gene expression in samples collected before and after treatment with Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT), an evidence-based practice combining acupressure and cognitive exposure. The control treatment was non-therapeutic social interaction. To establish a baseline, participants received the control first, followed a week later by EFT. Analysis of samples was performed at three time points: immediately before treatment, immediately after, and 24 hours later. Differential expression between EFT and control was found in numerous genes implicated in overall health (p < 0.05). Further, the differentially expressed genes in this study were shown to be linked to immunity, pro or anti-inflammatory, as well as neuronal processes in the brain. Ten of the 72 differentially expressed genes are identified as promising targets for downstream research. The data show promise for the future use of salivary samples to determine the effects of therapy; this pilot protocol also illustrated the challenges and limitations of novel technologies employed in biopsychology. Keywords: epigenetics, DNA, mRNA, gene expression, protein synthesis, brain plasticity, neurogenesis, biopsychology

Research and Clinical Significance of the Differentially Expressed Genes TP63 and LMO4 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-related Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenrui Xue ◽  
Xin Zheng ◽  
Xiaopeng Hu ◽  
Yu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Pathway ◽  
Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Abstract Background: To study the differential gene expression and clinical significance in HIVIIs (human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals) with penile squamous cell carcinoma.Methods: At our hospital from 2019 to 2020, we selected 6 samples of HIV-related penile squamous cell carcinoma for the experimental group and 6 samples of non-HIV-related penile squamous cell carcinoma for the control group. Transcriptome sequencing of sample mRNAs was performed by high-throughput sequencing. Differential gene expression analysis, differential GO (Gene Ontology) enrichment analysis and differential KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis were carried out, and the RPKM (reads per kilobase per million reads) value was used as a measure of gene expression.Results: A total of 2418 differentially expressed genes were obtained, of which 663 were upregulated and 1755 were downregulated (absolute value of logFC >1.0 and p value<0.05 FDR < 0.05). On the basis of the significance of the GO enrichment analysis, we found that the TP63 (tumor protein p63) gene was significantly upregulated and that the LMO4 (LIM domain only 4) gene was significantly downregulated in the experimental group compared with the control group. KEGG pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed that DNA replication was the most significant pathway associated with the upregulated genes and CAM (cell adhesion molecule) metabolism was the most significant pathway associated with the downregulated genes.Conclusions: The gene expression profiles of HIV-related penile squamous cell carcinoma and non-HIV-related penile squamous cell carcinoma are significantly different and involve significant GO enrichment and KEGG metabolic pathways, and this is very meaningful for the study of NADCs (non-AIDS-defining cancers). Differential expression of genes may be an important target for the prevention of penile squamous cell carcinoma in HIVIIs.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Beet Juice and Red Guava Juice against Erythrocyte and Hematocrit Levels in Post-partum Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (B) ◽  
pp. 821-825
Author(s):  
Cut Nurhasanah ◽  
Andri Idiana ◽  
Putri Santi ◽  
Yushida Yushida
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

BACKGROUND: Post-partum physiological bleeding can cause post-partum mothers to experience anemia; often, post-partum mothers are limited by nutrient and fluid intake to keep the body strong and have ideal body weight. AIM: The aim of the study is to knowing the difference between beet juice and Guava juice on erythrocyte and hematocrit (HTC) levels in post-partum mothers at Darul Imarah Health Center, Darul Imarah District, Aceh Besar District. METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-post test design using a randomized controlled trial. The population of post-partum mothers in the Darul Imarah Health Center, Darul Imarah District, Aceh Besar District. The sample selection is purposive sampling with inclusion and exclusion criteria; the sample is 45 people. RESULTS: The results showed differences in erythrocyte and HTC levels between before and after giving guava and iron (Fe) juices with a p-value of 0.00 <0.05. Beet juice increases the average erythrocytes and HTC levels higher than guava juice. There were significant differences in erythrocyte levels in the guava + Fe, beet + Fe, and control (Fe) treatment groups with a p-value of 0.001 <0.05. the difference in the average difference in erythrocyte levels between the guava and beet treatment groups was 0.03. The treatment group Bit + Fe had a higher mean erythrocyte level different than the guava + the treatment group and the control group (Fe). There was a significant difference in HTC levels in the guava + Fe, beet + Fe, and control (Fe) treatment groups with a p-value of 0.001 <0.05. the difference in the average difference in erythrocyte levels between the guava and beet treatment groups was 0.03. The treatment group Bit + Fe had a higher mean difference in HTC levels than the guava + the treatment group and the control group (Fe). CONCLUSION: There is a significant difference in erythrocytes and HTC levels between before and after giving guava juice and beet juice to post-partum mothers with a p-value of 0.00 <0.05. Beet juice increases the average level of erythrocytes and HTC, which is higher than guava juice in post-partum mothers at the Darul Imarah Health Center.

scholarly journals Gene expression profiling in blood from cerebral malaria patients and mild malaria patients living in Senegal

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alassane Thiam ◽  
Michel Sanka ◽  
Rokhaya Ndiaye Diallo ◽  
Magali Torres ◽  
Babacar Mbengue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
False Discovery Rate ◽  
Cerebral Malaria ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
False Discovery ◽  
Transcriptional Pattern ◽  
Mild Malaria

Abstract Background Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a major health problem in Africa. The mechanisms of pathogenesis are not fully understood. Transcriptomic studies may provide new insights into molecular pathways involved in the severe form of the disease. Methods Blood transcriptional levels were assessed in patients with cerebral malaria, non-cerebral malaria, or mild malaria by using microarray technology to look for gene expression profiles associated with clinical status. Multi-way ANOVA was used to extract differentially expressed genes. Network and pathways analyses were used to detect enrichment for biological pathways. Results We identified a set of 443 genes that were differentially expressed in the three patient groups after applying a false discovery rate of 10%. Since the cerebral patients displayed a particular transcriptional pattern, we focused our analysis on the differences between cerebral malaria patients and mild malaria patients. We further found 842 differentially expressed genes after applying a false discovery rate of 10%. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of cerebral malaria-informative genes led to clustering of the cerebral malaria patients. The support vector machine method allowed us to correctly classify five out of six cerebral malaria patients and six of six mild malaria patients. Furthermore, the products of the differentially expressed genes were mapped onto a human protein-protein network. This led to the identification of the proteins with the highest number of interactions, including GSK3B, RELA, and APP. The enrichment analysis of the gene functional annotation indicates that genes involved in immune signalling pathways play a role in the occurrence of cerebral malaria. These include BCR-, TCR-, TLR-, cytokine-, FcεRI-, and FCGR- signalling pathways and natural killer cell cytotoxicity pathways, which are involved in the activation of immune cells. In addition, our results revealed an enrichment of genes involved in Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusions In the present study, we examine a set of genes whose expression differed in cerebral malaria patients and mild malaria patients. Moreover, our results provide new insights into the potential effect of the dysregulation of gene expression in immune pathways. Host genetic variation may partly explain such alteration of gene expression. Further studies are required to investigate this in African populations.

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