scholarly journals Contribution of Nanotechnologies to Vaccine Development and Drug Delivery against Respiratory Viruses

PPAR Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Mahdi Ftouh ◽  
Nesrine Kalboussi ◽  
Nabil Abid ◽  
Souad Sfar ◽  
Nathalie Mignet ◽  
...  

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the coronavirus disease 2019, a respiratory viral illness linked to significant morbidity, mortality, production loss, and severe economic depression, was the third-largest cause of death in 2020. Respiratory viruses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2, and adenovirus, are among the most common causes of respiratory illness in humans, spreading as pandemics or epidemics throughout all continents. Nanotechnologies are particles in the nanometer range made from various compositions. They can be lipid-based, polymer-based, protein-based, or inorganic in nature, but they are all bioinspired and virus-like. In this review, we aimed to present a short review of the different nanoparticles currently studied, in particular those which led to publications in the field of respiratory viruses. We evaluated those which could be beneficial for respiratory disease-based viruses; those which already have contributed, such as lipid nanoparticles in the context of COVID-19; and those which will contribute in the future either as vaccines or antiviral drug delivery systems. We present a short assessment based on a critical selection of evidence indicating nanotechnology’s promise in the prevention and treatment of respiratory infections.

Author(s):  
Anne Emanuels ◽  
Jessica Heimonen ◽  
Jessica O’Hanlon ◽  
Ashley E Kim ◽  
Naomi Wilcox ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Non-influenza respiratory viruses are responsible for a substantial burden of disease in the United States. Household transmission is thought to contribute significantly to subsequent transmission through the broader community. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, contactless surveillance methods are of particular importance. Methods From November 2019 to April 2020, 303 households in the Seattle area were remotely monitored in a prospective longitudinal study for symptoms of respiratory viral illness. Enrolled participants reported weekly symptoms and submitted respiratory samples by mail in the event of an acute respiratory illness (ARI). Specimens were tested for fourteen viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, using RT-PCR. Participants completed all study procedures at home without physical contact with research staff. Results In total, 1171 unique participants in 303 households were monitored for ARI. Of participating households, 128 (42%) included a child aged <5 years and 202 (67%) included a child aged 5-12 years. Of the 678 swabs collected during the surveillance period, 237 (35%) tested positive for one or more non-influenza respiratory viruses. Rhinovirus, common human coronaviruses, and respiratory syncytial virus were the most common. Four cases of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in three households. Conclusions This study highlights the circulation of respiratory viruses within households during the winter months during the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Contactless methods of recruitment, enrollment and sample collection were utilized throughout this study, and demonstrate the feasibility of home-based, remote monitoring for respiratory infections.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S843-S843
Author(s):  
Cynthia Lucero-Obusan ◽  
Patricia Schirmer ◽  
Gina Oda ◽  
Mark Holodniy

Abstract Background Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is an increasingly recognized cause of acute respiratory illness in older adults, leading to an estimated 177,000 hospitalizations and 14,000 deaths each year in the US. In adult populations, diagnostic testing for RSV has historically been underutilized. Herein, we examine national trends in RSV testing and infection across the Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system. Methods Electronic RSV laboratory testing results, ICD-coded hospitalizations and outpatient encounters were obtained from VA’s Praedico Surveillance System (1/1/2010-12/31/2018). Patients were reviewed for positive results, repeat testing, and demographics. Antibody tests were excluded. Results A total of 102,251 RSV results were included. Overall, 4,372 (4.3%) specimens from 4,263 unique individuals were positive with a median age of 67 years (range 0-101) and 90% were male. 1,511 individuals (35.4%) also had an RSV-coded hospitalization. RSV type was specified for only 7.8% of positives (Table). During 2010-2018 there were 2,522 RSV-coded hospitalizations (median length of stay = 4 days) among 2,444 unique individuals, which included 413 ICU stays (16.4%) and 98 deaths (3.9%) during the RSV-coded hospitalization. Approximately 78% of RSV-coded hospitalizations within VA (excluding all non-VA hospitalizations) had a documented positive test result. A greater than 15-fold increase in RSV tests performed, hospitalizations and outpatient encounters was observed from 2010-2018, although the percent testing positive remained relatively stable (Figure, Table). Figure. Testing for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Department of Veterans Affairs, 2010-2018. Table. Select RSV Surveillance Metrics, Department of Veterans Affairs, 2010-2018 Conclusion RSV testing and identification of patients with RSV infection increased dramatically during the time period analyzed, likely due to increased availability of PCR-based multi-pathogen panels and duplex assays. While the percentage of tests positive for RSV remained relatively stable, the rise in coded hospitalizations may be due to increased testing for RSV among hospitalized Veterans with severe respiratory infections. These surveillance data may allow for further characterization of RSV disease burden estimates which can help inform clinical management and development of interventions for adults, such as vaccines and antiviral therapies. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures


Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1084
Author(s):  
Ho-Jae Lim ◽  
Jung-Eun Park ◽  
Min-Young Park ◽  
Joo-Hwan Baek ◽  
Sunkyung Jung ◽  
...  

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggers disease with nonspecific symptoms that overlap those of infections caused by other seasonal respiratory viruses (RVs), such as the influenza virus (Flu) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). A molecular assay for accurate and rapid detection of RV and SARS-CoV-2 is crucial to manage these infections. Here, we compared the analytical performance and clinical reliability of Allplex™ SARS-CoV-2/FluA/FluB/RSV (SC2FabR; Seegene Inc., Seoul, South Korea) kit with those of four commercially available RV detection kits. Upon testing five target viral strains (SARS-CoV-2, FluA, FluB, RSV A, and RSV B), the analytical performance of SC2FabR was similar to that of the other kits, with no significant difference (p ≥ 0.78) in z-scores. The efficiency of SC2FabR (E-value, 81–104%) enabled reliable SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal RV detection in 888 nasopharyngeal swab specimens processed using a fully automated nucleic acid extraction platform. Bland–Altman analyses revealed an agreement value of 95.4% (SD ± 1.96) for the kits, indicating statistically similar results for all five. In conclusion, SC2FabR is a rapid and accurate diagnostic tool for both SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal RV detection, allowing for high-throughput RV analysis with efficiency comparable to that of commercially available kits. This can be used to help manage respiratory infections in patients during and after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.


2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S920-S920
Author(s):  
Nellie Said ◽  
Wendi Gornick ◽  
Beth Huff ◽  
Jasjit Singh

Abstract Background Viral respiratory infections are a major cause of hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) admission to children’s hospitals. Rates of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are closely tracked due to their known morbidity. We had previously observed over one season that human metapneumovirus (hMPV)-infected children have high rates of hospitalizations and ICU admissions, particularly those with chronic lung disease (CLD). We expanded our data to include an additional 5 seasons to compare rates of hospitalizations and hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) due to hMPV, RSV and influenza. Methods During the 2014–2019 winter viral seasons, hMPV, RSV and influenza infections were tracked through both PCR testing (Biofire Respiratory Panel) and DFA testing (D3 Ultra DFA Respiratory Virus Screening & ID Kit; Diagnostic Hybrids). For hMPV admissions, rates of hospitalizations, ICU admissions, HAIs and mortalities were assessed and compared with RSV and influenza admissions. Retrospective data were used to study patients infected with hMPV. Results During the winter seasons of 2014–2019, the rates of hospitalization due to hMPV were significantly higher than both RSV and influenza (Figure 1). ICU admissions and HAIs for hMPV were similar to RSV and influenza (Figures 2 and 3). There were 9 deaths over this time period; 5 due to RSV, 3 due to influenza and 1 due to hMPV. The proportion of deaths due to hMPV compared with RSV and influenza was similar (P = 0.54, 0.89, respectively). Of the 315 total admissions with hMPV, 43 (13.7%) had CLD and 13 (4.1%) were tracheostomy dependent. Among 67 hMPV ICU admissions from 2014–2019, 56 (84%) had an underlying medical diagnosis, 25 (37%) had CLD, 13 (19%) had tracheostomies, and 17 (25%) required mechanical ventilation. The average age of hMPV infected children in our ICU is 4 years 1 month. Conclusion Our large descriptive study of hMPV-infected children over 6 seasons showed higher rates of hospitalization compared with RSV and influenza, similar ICU and HAI rates, and similar rates of mortality. ICU admitted children often had associated co-morbidities, including CLD. Further studies for focused disease surveillance and potential vaccine development for high-risk children are needed. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


Author(s):  
Kanamala Arun Chand Roby ◽  
Singamala Lakshmi Bhargavi ◽  
Gali Devi Sri ◽  
Avula Madhuri ◽  
Sannadi Kamakshi ◽  
...  

Coronavirus are coming under a broad family of virus that can cause respiratory illnesses such as the common cold, according to the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC). They are usual in many different species of animals, including camels and bats. Unusually, these corona viruses can evolve and infect humans and then spread between humans. Recent examples of this include SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. 2019 Novel Corona virus (2019-nCoV) is a virus identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China. In some cases, the viruses can cause lower-respiratory tract illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis. In human corona viruses are currently classified into seven types that are HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV, HKU1, MERS-CoV and 2019-nCoV. These two types of corona virus (MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV) are more dangerous. Some of corona viruses like HCoV-229E, HCo-OC43, HCoNL63 and HKU1 that are continuously circulate in the population of human and cause respiratory infections in human either may children and adults world-wide. They are generally transmitted between animals and humans through sneezing, coughing, touching or shaking hands and making contact with a surface or object. The symptoms of corona virus are sneezing, cough, fatigue, runny nose, sore throat, breathing difficulty and exacerbated. In more severe cases SARS, kidney failure, pneumonia and even death. Diagnosis can be carried out by healthcare provider in laboratory test on respiratory specimens and serum to detect human corona virus. For this virus no specific treatment like vaccines and antiviral drugs but symptoms can be treated.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rushabh Waghmode ◽  
Sushama Jadhav ◽  
Vijay Nema

As per the 2019 report of the National Health Portal of India, 41,996,260 cases and 3,740 deaths from respiratory infections were recorded across India in 2018. India contributes to 18% of the global population, with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) as one of the prominent causes of mortality in children >5 years of age. Measures in terms of the diagnosis and surveillance of respiratory infections are taken up globally to discover their circulating types, detect outbreaks, and estimate the disease burden. Similarly, the purpose of this review was to determine the prevalence of respiratory infections in various regions of India through published reports. Understanding the pattern and prevalence of various viral entities responsible for infections and outbreaks can help in designing better strategies to combat the problem. The associated pathogens comprise respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, etc. Identification of these respiratory viruses was not given high priority until now, but the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has sensitized our system to be alert about the burden of existing infections and to have proper checks for emerging ones. Most of the studies reported to date have worked on the influenza virus as a priority. However, the data describing the prevalence of other respiratory viruses with their seasonal pattern have significant epidemiological value. A comprehensive literature search was done to gather data from all geographical regions of India comprising all states of India from 1970 to 2020. The same has been compared with the global scenario and is being presented here.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Boskovic ◽  
Jinbo Zhu ◽  
Ran Tivony ◽  
Alexander Ohmann ◽  
Kaikai Chen ◽  
...  

Respiratory infections are the major cause of death from infectious disease worldwide. The clinical presentation of many respiratory viruses is indistinguishable; therefore, diagnostic approaches that can identify multiple pathogens are essential for patient management. We aimed to address this challenge with self-assembled DNA nanobait that can simultaneously identify multiple short RNA targets. The nanobait approach relies on specific target selection via toehold-mediated strand displacement and rapid read-out via nanopore sensing. Here, we show this platform can concurrently identify several common respiratory viruses, detecting a panel of short targets of viral nucleic acids from SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, influenza, and parainfluenza. Our nanobait could be reprogrammed to discriminate viral variants, and we identified several key SARS-CoV-2 variants with single-nucleotide resolution. We increased assay specificity with bespoke nanobait that could identify numerous short RNA targets in the same viral sample in a complex background of the human transcriptome. Notably, we found that the sequence position in the viral RNA secondary structure is critical for nanobait design. Lastly, we show that nanobait could discriminate between samples extracted from oropharyngeal swabs from negative and positive SARS-CoV-2 patients using programmable target cleavage without pre-amplification. Our system allows for multiplexed identification of native RNA molecules, providing a new scalable approach for diagnostics of multiple respiratory viruses in a single assay.


2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Epameinondas Georgakopoulou ◽  
Georgios Petsinis ◽  
Konstantinos Mantzouranis ◽  
Christos Damaskos ◽  
Despoina Melemeni ◽  
...  

Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) is a RNA virus which gets in the human cells by binding to the receptor of  N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid. Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs), including HCoV-HKU1, are globally found. HCoV-HKU1 is responsible for upper and lower respiratory tract infections, usually with mild symptoms. In severe cases, HCoV-HKU1 can cause life-threatening respiratory illness especially in vulnerable hosts such as elderly, children and immunocompromised patients. In Greece, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and influenza are the most common viruses causing respiratory tract infections. Traditionally, HCoVs are responsible for less than 3% of respiratory infections in Greek population. HCoVs 229E and OC43 have been shown to circulate in Greece. We report the first case of lung infection in an immunocompromised woman due to HCoV-HKU1, that has never been before detected in Greece. HCoV-HKU1 is related to severe disease even in healthy individuals and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of severe respiratory infections.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haokun Yuan ◽  
Alice Yeung ◽  
Wan Yang

Background Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and voluntary behavioral changes during the COVID-19 pandemic have influenced the circulation of non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections. We aimed to examine interactions among common non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory virus and further estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these viruses. Methods We analyzed incidence data for seven groups of respiratory viruses in New York City (NYC) during Oct 2015 - May 2021 (i.e., before and during the COVID-19 pandemic). We first used elastic net regression to identify potential virus interactions and further examined the robustness of the found interactions by comparing the performance of Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models with and without the interactions. We then used the models to compute counterfactual estimates of cumulative incidence and estimate the reduction during the COVID-19 pandemic period from March 2020 to May 2021, for each virus. Results We identified potential interactions for three endemic human coronaviruses (CoV-NL63, CoV-HKU, and CoV-OC43), parainfluenza (PIV)-1, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). We found significant reductions (by ~70-90%) in cumulative incidence of CoV-OC43, CoV-229E, human metapneumovirus, PIV-2, PIV-4, RSV, and influenza virus during the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, the circulation of adenovirus and rhinovirus was less affected. Conclusions Circulation of several respiratory viruses has been low during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may lead to increased population susceptibility. It is thus important to enhance monitoring of these viruses and promptly enact measures to mitigate their health impacts (e.g., influenza vaccination campaign and hospital infection prevention) in the coming months.


2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S7-S8
Author(s):  
Angela Branche ◽  
Lisa Saiman ◽  
Edward E Walsh ◽  
Ann R Falsey ◽  
William Sieling ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has been increasingly recognized as an important cause of acute respiratory illness (ARI) and a trigger for exacerbation of underlying cardiopulmonary disease in adults. Incidence of hospitalized RSV infection remains uncertain as adults have not been systematically screened. Previous incidence estimates, derived primarily from modeling studies, have ranged from 84 to 190/100K population in adults >65 years of age. Accurate burden data are critical to inform RSV vaccine development for adults. We used active surveillance among hospitalized adults to determine population-based incidence rates of RSV infection. Methods Hospitalized adults ≥ 18 years old residing in the surveillance area with >2 ARI symptoms or exacerbation of underlying cardiopulmonary disease were screened for eligibility during October 2017–April 2018 and October 2018 to April 2019 in 3 hospitals in Rochester, NY and New York City. Respiratory specimens were tested for RSV using PCR assays. RSV incidence per 100,000 persons (per 2010 US Census data) was adjusted by percent market share for study hospitals in their catchment area. Results In total, 8,217 hospitalized adults residing in the surveillance area that met the surveillance case definition were tested for RSV; 768 (9.4%) were positive. Adults were aged 18–49 (12%), 50–64 (30%), and ≥65 years old (58%); 55% were female. RSV infection incidence varied from year 1 to year 2 and was highest in patients aged ≥65 years old (table). Conclusion This is the largest prospective RSV incidence study to date. Preliminary results indicate that the incidence of RSV infection may be higher than previously reported, especially in urban-dwelling adults >65 years of age. Results confirm the need for vaccines to prevent RSV infections in older adults. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.


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