scholarly journals Analysis of Changes in Intercity Highway Traffic Travel Patterns under the Impact of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mingchen Gu ◽  
Shuo Sun ◽  
Feng Jian ◽  
Xiaohan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Network ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Travel Patterns ◽  
Highway Traffic ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic impacts negatively on the security and development of human society. Comparison and analysis of intercity highway travel patterns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic can bring vital insights for the prevention and control of the pandemic. Empirical studies are conducted using cellular network-based datasets associated with two groups of city pairs in China heavily affected by COVID-19. Spatial matching, full-sample extrapolation, and trajectory feature analysis are adopted to attain travel volumes of intercity highways during four different periods. The reliability of origin-destination (OD) matrices calculated based on the cellular network-based dataset is demonstrated by comparing with the fluctuation trend of traffic count data. The empirical studies show that the OD flows associated with passenger cars on intercity highways in China decreased significantly during COVID-19. With the effective implementation of the pandemic prevention control policy and the orderly promotion of the recovery to work and production, the volumes of intercity highway OD flows returned to the pre-pandemic level in mid-April 2020. Besides, the peak of passenger car trips decreases and the time span for truck trips gets longer owing to implemented control measures in dealing with COVID-19. The results can be applied to the calculation of OD flows between most adjacent cities and analyze the intercity highway traffic travel patterns changes, which provide insightful implications for making intercity travel safety prevention and control policies under epidemic conditions.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 on Pedestrian Flow Patterns in Urban POIs—An Example from Beijing

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 479
Author(s):  
Yihang Li ◽  
Liyan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Pedestrian Flow ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Functional Categories ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic is a major challenge for society as a whole, and analyzing the impact of the spread of the epidemic and government control measures on the travel patterns of urban residents can provide powerful help for city managers to designate top-level epidemic prevention policies and specific epidemic prevention measures. This study investigates whether it is more appropriate to use groups of POIs with similar pedestrian flow patterns as the unit of study rather than functional categories of POIs. In this study, we analyzed the hour-by-hour pedestrian flow data of key locations in Beijing before, during, and after the strict epidemic prevention and control period, and we found that the pedestrian flow patterns differed greatly in different periods by using a composite clustering index; we interpreted the clustering results from two perspectives: groups of pedestrian flow patterns and functional categories. The results show that depending on the specific stage of epidemic prevention and control, the number of unique pedestrian flow patterns decreased from four before the epidemic to two during the strict control stage and then increased to six during the initial resumption of work. The restrictions on movement are correlated with most of the visitations, and the release of restrictions led to an increase in the variety of unique pedestrian flow patterns compared to that in the pre-restriction period, even though the overall number of visitations decreased, indicating that social restrictions led to differences in the flow patterns of POIs and increased social distance.

scholarly journals Impact of the Inflow Population From Outbreak Areas on the COVID-19 Epidemic in Yunnan Province and the Recommended Control Measures: A Preliminary Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Sun ◽  
Guozhong He ◽  
Ninghao Huang ◽  
Hongyu Chen ◽  
Shuwei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Proper Management ◽  
Outbreak Areas ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Background: COVID-19 developed into a global pandemic in 2020 and poses challenges regarding the prevention and control capabilities of countries. A large number of inbound travelers from other regions could lead to a renewed outbreak of COVID-19 in the local regions. Globally, as a result of the imbalance in the control of the epidemic, all countries are facing the risk of a renewed COVID-19 outbreak brought about by travelers from epidemic areas. Therefore, studies on a proper management of the inbound travelers are urgent.Methods: We collected a total of 4,733,414 inbound travelers and 174 COVID-19 diagnosed patients in Yunnan province from 21 January 2020 to 20 February 2020. Data on place of origin, travel history, age, and gender, as well as whether they had suspected clinical manifestations for inbound travelers in Yunnan were collected. The impact of inbound travelers on the local epidemic was analyzed with a collinear statistical analysis and the effect of the control measures on the epidemic was evaluated with a sophisticated modeling approach.Results: Of the 174 COVID-19 patients, 60.9% were not from Yunnan, and 76.4% had a history of travel in Hubei. The amount of new daily cases in Yunnan was significant correlated with the number of inbound travelers from Hubei and suspected cases among them. Using Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious–Recovered (SEIR) model analysis, we found that the prevention and control measures dropped the local R0 down to 1.07 in Yunnan province.Conclusions: Our preliminary analysis showed that the proper management of inbound travelers from outbreak areas has a significantly positive effect on the prevention and control of the virus. In the process of resettlement, some effective measures taken by Yunnan province may provide an important reference for preventing the renewed COVID-19 outbreak in other regions.

scholarly journals A Cross-sectional Study on the Impact of the Prevention and Control Response of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children's Orthopedic Trauma in Shanghai

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuang Qian ◽  
Yiming Zheng ◽  
Junrong Meng ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
Dahui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Radial Head ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Orthopedic Trauma ◽  
Control Response ◽  
Open Injuries ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The Chinese government has taken strong prevention and control measures against the COVID-19 pandemic, and has achieved phased victory in the fight against it. The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic provides an opportunity to study the influence of governmental prevention and control response on orthopedic trauma in children.Methods: We collected and reviewed data on orthopedic trauma from the first half of 2018, 2019, and 2020. The data were divided according to the time of prevention and control response level in 2020. By comparing the relevant data from orthopedic emergency and operating rooms from the past three years, the influence of governmental pandemic prevention measures on orthopedic trauma in children was analyzed. Results: A total of 36301 children were included in the study cohort. Before the prevention and control response, the data of the orthopedic emergency department in 2020 was the same as the previous two years. Under the first-level response, the number of fractures, open injuries, radial head subluxation, and surgery were significantly reduced, and the severity of patients with surgery was also significantly reduced. Under the second-level response, the number of operations began to increase, and the severity of the disease also began to rise. Under the third-level response control, the number of fractures, open injuries, and operations have returned to the levels of the previous two years. The severity of the operation has also returned to its previous level. The number of subluxations of the radial head is still different from before.Conclusion: The pandemic of COVID-19 has affected the social activities of Shanghai residents and reduced the incidence of orthopedic trauma in children. With the control of the pandemic, the living conditions of Shanghai residents have basically recovered.Level of Evidence: Retrospective study Level II

scholarly journals Changes in Prevalence of Nosocomial Infection Pre- and Post-COVID-19 pandemic from a Tertiary Hospital in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunmei Su ◽  
Zhiqin Zhang ◽  
Xu Zhao ◽  
Hanlin Peng ◽  
Yi Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Nosocomial infections (NIs) are an important cause of mortality, and increasing evidence reveals that the prevalence of NIs can be reduced through effective prevention and control measures. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the prevention and control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic on NIs.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the prevalence of NIs before and after COVID-19 pandemic for six months in the Children’s Hospital of Soochow University.Results: A total of 39,914 patients in 2019 and 34,645 patients in 2020 were admitted to the hospital during the study. There were 1.39% (481/34645) of patients with NIs in 2020, which was significantly lower than the 2.56% (1021/39914) of patients in 2019. The rate of critical and fatal cases was also decreased. Except for the ICU, the prevalence of nosocomial infection in most departments decreased from 2019 to 2020. Regarding the source of infections, a significant reduction was mainly observed in respiratory (0.99% vs 0.42%, p=0.000) and digestive tract (0.63% vs 0.14%, p=0.000). The microorganism analysis of respiratory infections indicated an obvious decline in acinetobacters and fungi. The most significant decline of pathogens in gastrointestinal infections was observed for rotavirus. The comparison of catheter-related nosocomial infections between 2019 and 2020 did not show significant differences. Conclusions: The prevention and control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic have reduced the nosocomial infection in almost all departments, except the ICU, mainly regarding respiratory, gastrointestinal, and oral infections, while catheter-related infections did not show any differences.

scholarly journals The impact of management practices to prevent and control mycotoxins in the European food supply chain: MyToolBox project results

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
M. Focker ◽  
H.J. van der Fels-Klerx ◽  
N. Magan ◽  
S.G. Edwards ◽  
M. Grahovac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The presence of mycotoxins in cereals has led to large economic losses in Europe. In the course of the European project MyToolBox, prevention and control measures to reduce mycotoxin contamination in cereals were developed. This study aimed to estimate the impact of these prevention and control measures on both the reduction in crop losses and the increased volume of crops suitable for food and/or feed. It focused on the following measures: the use of fungicides during wheat cultivation, the use of resistant maize cultivars and/or biocontrol during maize cultivation, the use of real time sensors in storage silos, the use of innovative milling strategies during the pasta making process, and the employment of degrading enzymes during the process of bioethanol and Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) production. The impact assessment was based on the annual volume of cereals produced, the annual levels of mycotoxin contamination, and experimental data on the prevention and control measures collected in the course of the MyToolBox project. Results are expressed in terms of reduced volumes of cereals lost, or as additional volumes of cereals available for food meeting the current European legal limits. Results showed that a reduction in crop losses as well as an increase in the volume of crops suitable as food and/or feed is feasible with each proposed prevention or control measure along the supply chain. The impact was the largest in areas and in years with the highest mycotoxin contamination levels but would have less impact in years with low mycotoxin levels. In further research, the impact assessment may be validated using future data from more years and European sites. Decision makers in the food and feed supply chain can use this impact assessment to decide on the relevant prevention and control strategies to apply.

Crisis analysis and prevention and control of financial leverage imbalance in shareholder equity pledge based on DANP model

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Fang Fang
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Evaluation Index System ◽  
Evaluation Index ◽  
Financial Leverage ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The process of economic globalization is accelerating, and the financial risks that listed companies need to face are more complicated. In order to clarify the impact of shareholder equity pledge on financial leverage imbalance crisis, this study explores financial leverage imbalance crisis of shareholder equity pledge based on DANP model. Fully consider the financial leverage effect and the potential risks of shareholder equity pledge, use the DANP financial leverage imbalance early warning model to analyze the impact of shareholder equity pledge on the financial leverage imbalance crisis, establish a financial leverage imbalance early warning evaluation index system, and preprocess the early warning evaluation indicators. Determine the constant weight of each evaluation index, and obtain the final financial leverage imbalance crisis early warning evaluation value based on the determined constant weight. Results show that the DANP model can accurately analyze the financial leverage imbalance crisis in the case of shareholder equity pledges, clarify the company’s financial status in the case of shareholder equity pledges, and propose to standardize equity pledge behavior and improve the company’s internal control system in response to the crisis of shareholder equity pledge financial leverage imbalances. Improve the three prevention and control measures of the independent director system to enhance the ability of enterprises to resist the crisis of financial leverage imbalance.

The epidemic burden on prisons in Lombardy (Italy) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: the transmission and measures of prevention in detention facilities

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruggero Giuliani ◽  
Sara Mazzilli ◽  
Teresa Sebastiani ◽  
Giorgia Cocca ◽  
Raffaella Bortolotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lombardy Region ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Detention Facilities

Purpose Early on in the COVID-19 pandemic, the scientific community highlighted a potential risk of epidemics occurring inside prisons. Consequently, specific operational guidelines were promptly released, and containment measures were quickly implemented in prisons. This paper aims to describe the spread of COVID-19 in detention facilities within the Lombardy region of Italy during March to July 2020, and the impact of the prevention and control measures implemented. Design/methodology/approach A descriptive retrospective analysis of case distribution was performed for all COVID-19 cases identified among people in detention (PiD) and prison officers (POs). A comparison of the epidemic burden affecting different populations and a correlation analysis between the number of cases that occurred and prevention measures implemented were also carried out. Findings From this study, it emerged that POs were at a high risk of contracting COVID-19. This study observed a delay in the occurrence of cases among PiD and substantial heterogeneity in the size of outbreaks across different prisons. Correlation between reported cases among PiD and registered sick leave taken by POs suggested the latter contributed to introducing the infection into prison settings. Finally, number of cases among PiD inversely correlated with the capacity of each prison to identify and set up dedicated areas for medical isolation. Originality/value Prevention and control measures when adopted in a timely manner were effective in protecting PiD. According to the findings, POs are a population at high risk for acquiring and transmitting COVID-19 and should be prioritized for testing, active case finding and vaccination. This study highlights the critical importance of including prison settings within emergency preparedness plans.

scholarly journals Shortages of hospital beds exacerbate severity of COVID-19 outbreaks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weike Zhou ◽  
Aili Wang ◽  
Xia Wang ◽  
Robert A Cheke ◽  
Sanyi Tang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Hospital Beds ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The global outbreak of COVID-19 has caused worrying concern amongst the public and health authorities. The first and foremost problem that many countries face is a shortage of medical resources. The experience of Wuhan, China, in fighting against COVID-19 provides a model for other countries to learn from. Methods: We formulated a piecewise smooth model to describe the limitation of hospital beds, based on the transmission progression of COVID-19, and the strengthening prevention and control strategies implemented in Wuhan, China. We used data of the cumulative numbers of confirmed cases, cured cases and deaths in Wuhan city from 10 January to 20 March, 2020 to estimate unknown parameters and the effective reproduction number. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of a shortage of hospital beds on the COVID-19 outbreak. Results: Even with strong prevention and control measures in Wuhan, slowing down of the supply rate, reducing the maximum capacity and delaying the intervention time of supplementing hospital beds aggravated the outbreak severity by magnifying the cumulative numbers of confirmed cases and deaths, prolonging the period of the outbreak in Wuhan, enlarging the value of the effective reproduction number during the outbreak and postponing the time when the threshold value is reduced to 1. Conclusions: The quick establishment of the Huoshenshan and Leishenshan Hospitals in a short time and the deployment of mobile cabin hospitals played important roles in containing the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, providing a model for other countries to provide more hospital beds for COVID-19 patients faster and earlier.

scholarly journals Policy and Law Assessment of COVID-19 Based on Smooth Transition Autoregressive Model

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jieqi Lei ◽  
Xuyuan Wang ◽  
Yiming Zhang ◽  
Lian Zhu ◽  
Lin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Star Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Transition Points ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Smooth Transition Autoregressive

As of the end of October 2020, the cumulative number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 has exceeded 45 million and the cumulative number of deaths has exceeded 1.1 million all over the world. Faced with the fatal pandemic, countries around the world have taken various prevention and control measures. One of the important issues in epidemic prevention and control is the assessment of the prevention and control effectiveness. Changes in the time series of daily new confirmed cases can reflect the impact of policies in certain regions. In this paper, a smooth transition autoregressive (STAR) model is applied to investigate the intrinsic changes during the epidemic in certain countries and regions. In order to quantitatively evaluate the influence of the epidemic control measures, the sequence is fitted to the STAR model; then, comparisons between the dates of transition points and those of releasing certain policies are applied. Our model well fits the data. Moreover, the nonlinear smooth function within the STAR model reveals that the implementation of prevention and control policies is effective in some regions with different speeds. However, the ineffectiveness is also revealed and the threat of a second wave had already emerged.

scholarly journals (P1-83) Infectious Diseases Following Natural Disasters: Prevention and Control Measures

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s125-s126
Author(s):  
I.K. Kouadio ◽  
T. Kamigai ◽  
O. Hitoshi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Communicable diseases represent a public health problem in developing countries, especially in those affected by disasters, and necessitate an appropriate and coordinated response from national and international partners. The importance of rapid epidemiological assessment for public health planning and resources allocation is critical. This review assesses infectious disease outbreaks during and after disasters caused by natural hazards and describes comprehensive prevention and control measures. The natural hazard event that causes a disaster does not transmit infectious diseases in the immediate aftermath of the disaster, nor do dead bodies. During the impact phase, most of the deaths are associated to blunt trauma, crush-related injuries, burns, and drowning rather than from infectious diseases. Most pathogens cannot not continue to survive in a corpse. The remaining survivors are the ones from which infectious diseases can be transmitted under appropriate conditions created by the natural disasters. Among several diseases, diarrheal diseases, leptospirosis, viral hepatitis, typhoid fever, acute respiratory infections, measles, meningitides, tuberculosis, malaria, dengue fever, and West Nile Virus commonly were described days, weeks, or months after the disaster event in areas where they are endemic. Therefore, diseases can also be imported by healthy carriers among a susceptible population. The objective of the public health intervention is to prevent and control epidemics among the disaster-affected populations. The rapid implementation of control measures should be a public health priority especially in the absence of pre-disaster surveillance data, through the re-establishment and improvement of the delivery of primary health care and restoration of affected health services. Adequate shelter and sanitation, water and food safety, appropriate surveillance, immunization and management approaches, as well health education will be strongly required for the reduction of morbidity and mortality.

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