scholarly journals Study on Driver Gaze Characteristics in Sight Distance Limited Section of Mountain Highway Based on Visual Information

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yuzhou Tang ◽  
Xiaodang Peng ◽  
Shiyong Xu ◽  
Mingju Bai ◽  
Lifang Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Rate Theory ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Distribution Law ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Sight Distance ◽  
Distance Change

In order to study the gaze behavior characteristics of drivers in mountainous road sections with limited sight distance, the real vehicle test is carried out by using Smart Eye Pro 5.7 noninvasive eye tracker. Combined with the sight distance change rate theory, 6 typical test representative mountainous sections are selected to study the gaze distribution law and gaze duration of drivers in different mountainous sections. The research shows that when the driver drives on the test section with the most unfavorable sight distance of 44 m, 50 m, and 56 m, the fixation characteristics of “from far to near” are significant, and the long fixation duration accounts for a large proportion of the driver. When the driver drives on the section with the most unfavorable sight distance of more than 70 m, i.e., the sight distance change rate of less than 1.33, the fixation characteristics of “from far to near” disappear. The driver’s fixation stability increases, the fixation freedom increases, and the proportion of medium and long fixation duration decreases. The data analysis provides a theoretical basis for drivers to pass safely in mountainous sections.

scholarly journals Assessing learning styles through eye tracking for e-learning applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-35
Author(s):  
Nahumi Nugrahaningsih ◽  
Marco Porta ◽  
Aleksandra Klasnja-Milicevic
Keyword(s):  
Learning Styles ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
The Right

Adapting the presentation of learning material to the specific student?s characteristics is useful to improve the overall learning experience and learning styles can play an important role to this purpose. In this paper, we investigate the possibility to distinguish between Visual and Verbal learning styles from gaze data. In an experiment involving first year students of an engineering faculty, content regarding the basics of programming was presented in both text and graphic form, and participants? gaze data was recorded by means of an eye tracker. Three metrics were selected to characterize the user?s gaze behavior, namely, percentage of fixation duration, percentage of fixations, and average fixation duration. Percentages were calculated on ten intervals into which each participant?s interaction time was subdivided, and this allowed us to perform timebased assessments. The obtained results showed a significant relation between gaze data and Visual/Verbal learning styles for an information arrangement where the same concept is presented in graphical format on the left and in text format on the right. We think that this study can provide a useful contribution to learning styles research carried out exploiting eye tracking technology, as it is characterized by unique traits that cannot be found in similar investigations.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF A RAISED CYCLE TRACK, PHYSICAL SEPARATION, LAND USE AND NUMBER OF PEDESTRIAN ON CYCLISTS’ GAZE BEHAVIOR

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-122
Author(s):  
Gukhwa Jang ◽  
Saehoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Physical Separation ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Horizontal Gaze ◽  
Fixation Points

Contemporary cities are home to an increasing number of cyclists. The gaze behavior of cyclists has an important impact upon cyclist safety and experience. Yet this behavior has not been studied to access its potential implications for urban design. This study aims to identify the eye-gaze pattern of cyclists and to examine its potential relationships with urban environmental characteristics, such as a raised cycle track, physical separation, land use, and number of pedestrian. This study measured and analyzed 40 cyclist’s gaze patterns using an eye tracker; the results were as follows. First, cyclists presented a T-shaped gaze pattern with two spots of frequent eye fixation points; the pattern suggests that it may benefit cyclists with greater safety and better readiness of road situation to avoid crashes. Second, more active horizontal gaze dispersion within the T-shaped gaze pattern was observed when participants cycled on a shared and non-raised bikeway. This indicates that there is a more suitable gaze behavior with different gaze limitations depending on the environmental characteristics. Therefore, bicycle facilities need to be constructed according to the consideration of the T-shaped gaze area and the change in cyclists’ gaze behavior in each environment to increase the effectiveness of bicycle facilities.

scholarly journals Gaze Behavior of Attacking Karate Athletes In-situ

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. e1-e11
Author(s):  
Nicole Bandow ◽  
Kerstin Witte
Keyword(s):  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Fixation Location ◽  
Karate Athletes

Previous studies have analyzed the gaze behavior of defending karate athletes using video-based attacks. The results show that karate athletes use a gaze anchor around the opponent’s head and chest. An analysis of gaze behavior of a karate athlete performing an attack in-situ has not been realized, yet. The aim of this study is, therefore, to analyze the gaze behavior of 11 karate athletes immediately before they perform an attack in-situ. The number of fixations, fixation duration, and fixation location were analyzed over the last 2000 ms before the athletes executed one of four instructed attacks. The results show no significant differ-ences in gaze parameters with respect to the type of attack. The main finding revealed a gaze anchor around the opponent’s head, chest, and leading arm, confirming previous studies of defending karate athletes whileviewing video-based attacks.

scholarly journals Quiet Eye and Computerized Precision Tasks in First-Person Shooter Perspective Esport Games

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mats Dahl ◽  
Mårten Tryding ◽  
Alexander Heckler ◽  
Marcus Nyström
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Critical Event ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Quiet Eye ◽  
Mouse Movements ◽  
First Person Shooter

The gaze behavior in sports and other applied settings has been studied for more than 20 years. A common finding is related to the “quiet eye” (QE), predicting that the duration of the last fixation before a critical event is associated with higher performance. Unlike previous studies conducted in applied settings with mobile eye trackers, we investigate the QE in a context similar to esport, in which participants click the mouse to hit targets presented on a computer screen under different levels of cognitive load. Simultaneously, eye and mouse movements were tracked using a high-end remote eye tracker at 300 Hz. Consistent with previous studies, we found that longer QE fixations were associated with higher performance. Increasing the cognitive load delayed the onset of the QE fixation, but had no significant influence on the QE duration. We discuss the implications of our results in the context of how the QE is defined, the quality of the eye-tracker data, and the type of analysis applied to QE data.

scholarly journals Effect of environmental factors on how older pedestrians detect an upcoming step

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
T-J Cheng ◽  
B Yang ◽  
C Holloway ◽  
N Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Detection Distance ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Trial Time ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
The Impact

The relationships between environmental features and older people's ability to safely move around a complex pedestrian environment are, as yet, poorly understood. Specifically, the impact of light levels on trip hazard detection during walking has received relatively little attention. This study investigates the effect of illuminance on people's ability to detect steps of different heights in a laboratory-based controlled environment. Sixteen young and 15 older participants walked along a 13.2 m walkway towards an either ascending or descending step at 200 lux or 4 lux light levels. Trial time, gaze behaviour and distance at which the step was first visually fixated (detection distance) were measured using an eye-tracker. It was found that both the trial time and detection distance of older participants were affected by light level whereas the fixation number and fixation duration of young participants were affected by step-height. Shorter detection distance, greater number of fixations and longer fixation duration were found among older participants as opposed to young participants. The results suggest that the processing efficiency for visual information on an upcoming step is slower among older people than among young people. This implies that the vulnerability of older pedestrians maybe be reduced if better lighting or a simplified visual environment is provided.

Gaze behavior of pre-adolescent children afflicted with Asperger Syndrome

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Wiklund
Keyword(s):  
Asperger Syndrome ◽  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
High Functioning Autism ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Nonverbal Behaviors ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Straight Ahead

Asperger syndrome (AS) is a form of high-functioning autism characterized by qualitative impairment in social interaction. People afflicted with AS typically have abnormal nonverbal behaviors which are often manifested by avoiding eye contact. Gaze constitutes an important interactional resource, and an AS person’s tendency to avoid eye contact may affect the fluidity of conversations and cause misunderstandings. For this reason, it is important to know the precise ways in which this avoidance is done, and in what ways it affects the interaction. The objective of this article is to describe the gaze behavior of preadolescent AS children in institutional multiparty conversations. Methodologically, the study is based on conversation analysis and a multimodal study of interaction. The findings show that three main patterns are used for avoiding eye contact: 1) fixing one’s gaze straight ahead; 2) letting one’s gaze wander around; and 3) looking at one’s own hands when speaking. The informants of this study do not look at the interlocutors at all in the beginning or the middle of their turn. However, sometimes they turn to look at the interlocutors at the end of their turn. This proves that these children are able to use gaze as a source of feedback. When listening, looking at the speaker also seems to be easier for them than looking at the listeners when speaking.

scholarly journals Experimental Analysis of Driver Visual Characteristics in Urban Tunnels

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4274
Author(s):  
Song Fang ◽  
Jianxiao Ma
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Data Fitting ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Tunnel Length ◽  
Point Distribution ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
Diameter Change

Through an urban tunnel-driving experiment, this paper studies the changing trend of drivers’ visual characteristics in tunnels. A Tobii Pro Glasses 2 wearable eye tracker was used to measure pupil diameter, scanning time, and fixation point distribution of the driver during driving. A two-step clustering algorithm and the data-fitting method were used to analyze the experimental data. The results show that the univariate clustering analysis of the pupil diameter change rate of drivers has poor discrimination because the pupil diameter change rate of drivers in the process of “dark adaptation” is larger, while the pupil diameter change rate of drivers in the process of “bright adaptation” is relatively smooth. The univariate and bivariate clustering results of drivers’ pupil diameters were all placed into three categories, with reasonable distribution and suitable differentiation. The clustering results accurately corresponded to different locations of the tunnel. The clustering method proposed in this paper can identify similar behaviors of drivers at different locations in the transition section at the tunnel entrance, the inner section, and the outer area of the tunnel. Through data-fitting of drivers’ visual characteristic parameters in different tunnels, it was found that a short tunnel, with a length of less than 1 km, has little influence on visual characteristics when the maximum pupil diameter is small, and the percentage of saccades is relatively low. An urban tunnel with a length between 1 and 2 km has a significant influence on visual characteristics. In this range, with the increase in tunnel length, the maximum pupil diameter increases significantly, and the percentage of saccades increases rapidly. When the tunnel length exceeds 2 km, the maximum pupil diameter does not continue to increase. The longer the urban tunnel, the more discrete the distribution of drivers’ gaze points. The research results should provide a scientific basis for the design of urban tunnel traffic safety facilities and traffic organization.

scholarly journals Saliency-Based Gaze Visualization for Eye Movement Analysis

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5178
Author(s):  
Sangbong Yoo ◽  
Seongmin Jeong ◽  
Seokyeon Kim ◽  
Yun Jang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Saliency Map ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Visual Clues ◽  
Human Visual Attention

Gaze movement and visual stimuli have been utilized to analyze human visual attention intuitively. Gaze behavior studies mainly show statistical analyses of eye movements and human visual attention. During these analyses, eye movement data and the saliency map are presented to the analysts as separate views or merged views. However, the analysts become frustrated when they need to memorize all of the separate views or when the eye movements obscure the saliency map in the merged views. Therefore, it is not easy to analyze how visual stimuli affect gaze movements since existing techniques focus excessively on the eye movement data. In this paper, we propose a novel visualization technique for analyzing gaze behavior using saliency features as visual clues to express the visual attention of an observer. The visual clues that represent visual attention are analyzed to reveal which saliency features are prominent for the visual stimulus analysis. We visualize the gaze data with the saliency features to interpret the visual attention. We analyze the gaze behavior with the proposed visualization to evaluate that our approach to embedding saliency features within the visualization supports us to understand the visual attention of an observer.

Drivers’ Gaze Behaviors are Influenced by Vehicle Position

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1625-1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Okafuji ◽  
Takahiro Wada ◽  
Toshihito Sugiura ◽  
Kazuomi Murakami ◽  
Hiroyuki Ishida
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Lateral Deviation ◽  
Simulated Driving ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Fixation Distance ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Vehicle Position ◽  
Lane Keeping

Drivers’ gaze behaviors in naturalistic and simulated driving tasks have been investigated for decades. Many studies focus on driving environment to explain a driver’s gaze. However, if there is a great need to use compensatory steering for lane-keeping, drivers could preferentially acquire information directly required for the task. Therefore, we assumed that a driver’s gaze behavior was influenced not only by the environment but also the vehicle position, especially the lateral position. To verify our hypothesis, we carried out a long-time driving simulator experiment, and the gaze behaviors of two participating drivers were analyzed. Results showed that gaze behavior—the fixation distance and the lateral deviation of the fixation—was influenced by the lateral deviation of the vehicle. Consequently, we discussed processes that determined drivers’ gaze behaviors.

scholarly journals A comparison of gaze behavior among elderly and younger adults during locomotor tasks

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio E Fontana ◽  
Alexandria Uding ◽  
Andrew Cleneden ◽  
Lindsey Cain ◽  
Lea Ann Shaddox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Berg Balance Scale ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Risk Of Falling ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Established Risk Factor ◽  
Heel Contact

The purpose of this project was to compare the gaze behavior of older adults to young adults during locomotor tasks requiring participants to change the direction and vary the speed of walking.Older adults were further divided into high- and low-risk of falling groups based on scores in the Berg balance scale and pre-established risk factor criteria. Gaze behavior was measured using the applied sciences eye tracking system as participants walked under four different conditions. The results suggest that, independent of group or target, fixations on target were shorter, the faster participants walked. Results also revealed that older adults at high-risk of falling tended to move their gaze off the to-be-stepped-on target before actually making heel contact with the target, whereas the young and older adults at low-risk of falling did not. Based on these results we recommend warning older adults about the negative effects of walking speed on their ability to recognize and comprehend the challenges on the ground ahead by suggesting they slow down when walking. Another strategy is to train older adults to make heel contact with the ground before transferring their gaze to another aspect of the environment, which may serve to reduce the likelihood of tripping.

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