scholarly journals Weight Change Alters the Small RNA Profile of Urinary Extracellular Vesicles in Obesity

Obesity Facts ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dughyun Choi ◽  
Sewon Kim ◽  
Jeyoung Woo ◽  
Haekyung Lee ◽  
Hyongane Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
P Value ◽  
Obese Patients

Introduction: Various kidney diseases reportedly show different urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) RNA profiles. Although obesity is one of the main causes of chronic kidney disease, the expression pattern of urinary EVs RNA in obesity is uncertain. Our aim was to sequence the small RNA profiles of urinary EVs in obese patients before and after weight reduction and compared them to those of healthy volunteers (HVs). Methods: We recruited age-sex matched obese patients and HVs. The small RNA profiles of urinary EVs were analyzed using RNA sequencing. To evaluate the effect of weight reduction, small RNA profiles of urinary EVs 6 months after bariatric surgery were also analyzed. Results: The proportion of urinary EVs transfer RNA and microRNA of obese patients differed from that of HVs. Obese patients showed differential expression of 1343 small RNAs in urinary EVs compared to HVs (|fold change| ≥ 2 and p value < 0.05). Among those, 61 small RNAs were upregulated in obese patients and downregulated after weight reduction, whereas 167 small RNAs were downregulated in obese patients and upregulated after weight reduction. RNA sequencing revealed the correlation between the specific urinary EVs small RNAs and clinical parameters including body weight, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum glucose, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and albuminuria. Conclusion: Obese patients showed distinct urinary EVs small RNA profiles compared to HVs. Weight reduction altered urinary EVs small RNA profiles in obese patients.

scholarly journals Study of gallbladder lesions and its relationship with serum lipid profile

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1245
Author(s):  
Sushama Bhatta ◽  
Samir Singh
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Chronic Cholecystitis ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Serum Lipid Profile ◽  
P Value ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Histopathological Lesion

Background: Gallbladder disease is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases. Various studies have shown association between gallstone and alteration in serum lipids. The objective of this study was to evaluate histological patterns of cholecystectomy specimens and compare serum lipid profile of gallstone patients with controls.Methods: This study was conducted over a period of two years (April 2016 to April 2018). Records of 287 specimens who underwent cholecystectomy were analysed in which gallstones were found only in 186 patients. Out of 186 patients with gallstones, records of serum lipid profile were available in 32 patients which were compared with 32 control of similar age. Independent t- test was used to compare the data between cases and control.Results: Out of 287 cases, 68 were male and 219 were female with male to female ratio of 1:3.2. The predominant histopathological lesion was chronic cholecystitis (73.17%). Malignancy was observed in 0.7% cases. Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were found to be higher and statistically significant in patients with gallstone compared to controls (p value 0.024, <0.001and 0.016 respectively). Serum High density lipoprotein cholesterol was lower in gallstone patient than in control but not statistically significant (p value 0.23).Conclusions: Chronic cholecystitis was the most common histopathological lesion. Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol level were elevated and statistically significant in patients with gallstone.

172 IDENTIFICATION OF MICRORNAS IN BOVINE OVARY

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
M. M. Hossain ◽  
M. Hoelker ◽  
C. Phatsara ◽  
E. Tholen ◽  
K. Schellander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Bovine Genome ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Sequence Length ◽  
P Value ◽  
Template Switching ◽  
Bovine Ovary

Tightly regulated expression and interaction of a multitude of genes for ovarian folliculogenesis leading to successful oocyte development could be regulated by recently identified new class of small RNAs of ~22 nt (i.e. microRNAs), which are already proved as one of the vital transcriptional regulators in different biological processes including development. But their presence and expression in bovine ovary has not yet been determined. Here, we have attempted to identify miRNAs in bovine ovary by small RNA-cDNA library construction through 5 ligation independent cloning. For this purpose, total RNA enriched with small RNA was isolated from ovary and size fractionated (18 to 24 nt) by denaturing PAGE. Extracted RNA was first 3′ linkered and after template switching by RT, the second 3′ linkering of the first strand cDNA was performed. These linkered small RNA-cDNAs were then amplified with linker-specific primers consisting of BAN I restriction sites, concatemerized by serial ligation, cloned into TOPO TA vector, and transformed into TOP 10 chemically competent cells. After screening, colonies were picked and sequenced. Bioinformatic analysis was done according to the published criteria for the small RNAs. From 233 clones a total of 479 reads were identified. Frequency of sequence length found in the library was 26.8% for ≤18 nt, 55.1% for 19 to 22 nt, and 18.1% for ≥23 nt. The total 479 sequences identified in the library represent 35% miRNAs, 12% mRNA, 12.1% rRNA, 5.6% tRNA, 4.2% repeat associated siRNA, 3.8% non-repeat-associated siRNA, 4% tiny noncoding RNA, 1% small nuclear RNA, and 16% sequences not matched to bovine genome. All 171 miR sequences comprised 79 distinct miRNAs, of which 45 miRNAs already annotated in miRBase for bovine and the other 34 miRNAs are new discoveries. Of the 34 newly identified miRNAs, 12 are described in other species but not yet in bovine. Most of the miRNAs cloned into multiple times, where let-7a cloned for 10, let-7b for 28, let-7c for 13, miR-21 for 4, miR-23b for 11, miR-24 for 7, miR-27a for 6, miR-126 for 4, and miR-143 for 11 times. Based on best hit score, P-value and free energy by online target prediction, some of the bta-miR identified in the library (let-7b, 15b, 18a, 23b, 101, 125b, 126, 140, 145, 199a) are found to target hundreds of genes related to follicular development, ovulation and hormonal regulation. Further functional characterization of some selected miRNAs including expression profiling and in situ localization in follicles of different size and cycles may supplement the results of this study and will enable us to gain insight into their relation to female fertility.

scholarly journals 3D cell culture stimulates the secretion of in vivo like extracellular vesicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirisha Thippabhotla ◽  
Cuncong Zhong ◽  
Mei He
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Cancer Patient ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
3D Culture ◽  
Cervical Cancer Patient ◽  
Tumor Biomarker

Abstract For studying cellular communications ex-vivo, a two-dimensional (2D) cell culture model is currently used as the “gold standard”. 2D culture models are also widely used in the study of RNA expression profiles from tumor cells secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) for tumor biomarker discovery. Although the 2D culture system is simple and easily accessible, the culture environment is unable to represent in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment. Our study observed that 2D- culture derived EVs showed significantly different profiles in terms of secretion dynamics and essential signaling molecular contents (RNAs and DNAs), when compared to the three-dimensional (3D) culture derived EVs. By performing small RNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of cervical cancer cells and their EVs compared with cervical cancer patient plasma EV-derived small RNAs, we observed that 3D- culture derived EV small RNAs differ from their parent cell small RNA profile which may indicate a specific sorting process. Most importantly, the 3D- culture derived EV small RNA profile exhibited a much higher similarity (~96%) to in vivo circulating EVs derived from cervical cancer patient plasma. However, 2D- culture derived EV small RNA profile correlated better with only their parent cells cultured in 2D. On the other hand, DNA sequencing analysis suggests that culture and growth conditions do not affect the genomic information carried by EV secretion. This work also suggests that tackling EV molecular alterations secreted into interstitial fluids can provide an alternative, non-invasive approach for investigating 3D tissue behaviors at the molecular precision. This work could serve as a foundation for building precise models employed in mimicking in vivo tissue system with EVs as the molecular indicators or transporters. Such models could be used for investigating tumor biomarkers, drug screening, and understanding tumor progression and metastasis.

scholarly journals Physical rehabilitation after acute myocardial infarction: focus on body weight

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 3867
Author(s):  
M. G. Bubnova ◽  
D. M. Aronov
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Control Groups

Aim. To study the effectiveness of 1-year exercise training (ET) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during outpatient cardiac rehabilitation in patients with different body mass index (BMI).Material and methods. The study included 312 patients after AMI, who were randomized into four groups depending on BMI: patients who used ET program with BMI <30 kg/m2 (group 1 (n=78)) and BMI >30 kg/m2 (group 2 (n=78)); patients who did not use ET program with BMI <30 kg/m2 (group 3 (n=78)) and BMI >30 kg/m2 (group 4 (n=78)). ET of moderate intensity (60% of the threshold value) was carried out 3 times a week for a year.Results. In patients with obesity, ET was associated with decrease of blood pressure by 3,3/3,6% (p<0,01 for each) and BMI by 7,7% (p<0,001), while there was an increase by 4,2/3,6% (p<0,05 for each) and 2,1% (p<0,05), respectively, in obese patients without ET. In patients without obesity, ET was associated only with BMI decrease by 3,3% (p<0,01), while in patients without obesity and ET it did not change. Daily physical activity after ET increased regardless of BMI, and without ET it decreased in obese patients. ET was associated with the increase of duration and intensity of training in non-obese patients by 39,2% (p<0,001) and 47,1% (p<0,001), respectively; in obese patients — by 23,8% (p<0,001) and 26,5% (p <0,001), respectively. In control groups it has not changed. After ET with any BMI, the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) decreased, and the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) increased. In the control groups, the concentration of TG increased, and with obesity there was also an increase in LDL-C and a decrease in HDL-C. Against the background of ET, the fibrinogen values decreased with any BMI, in contrast to the control groups. After 1-year ET number of cardiovascular events (CVE) significantly decreased in nonobese patients by 37,5% (p<0,05) and in obese ones by 28,6% (p<0,05).Conclusion. Long-term aerobic ET in patients with any BMI reduced cardiovascular risk factors and the risk of CVE. At the same time, with concomitant obesity, the maximum effect of cardiac rehabilitation was not achieved, which confirms the importance of controlling BMI in patients after AMI.

scholarly journals Massively differential bias between two widely used Illumina library preparation methods for small RNA sequencing

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanette Baran-Gale ◽  
Michael R Erdos ◽  
Christina Sison ◽  
Alice Young ◽  
Emily E Fannin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Small Rna Sequencing ◽  
Library Preparation ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Sequencing Platforms ◽  
Small Rna Library ◽  
Illumina Library

Recent advances in sequencing technology have helped unveil the unexpected complexity and diversity of small RNAs. A critical step in small RNA library preparation for sequencing is the ligation of adapter sequences to both the 5’ and 3’ ends of small RNAs. Two widely used protocols for small RNA library preparation, Illumina v1.5 and Illumina TruSeq, use different pairs of adapter sequences. In this study, we compare the results of small RNA-sequencing between v1.5 and TruSeq and observe a striking differential bias. Nearly 100 highly expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) are >5-fold differentially detected and 48 miRNAs are >10-fold differentially detected between the two methods of library preparation. In fact, some miRNAs, such as miR-24-3p, are over 30-fold differentially detected. The results are reproducible across different sequencing centers (NIH and UNC) and both major Illumina sequencing platforms, GAIIx and HiSeq. While some level of bias in library preparation is not surprising, the apparent massive differential bias between these two widely used adapter sets is not well appreciated. As increasingly more laboratories transition to the newer TruSeq-based library preparation for small RNAs, researchers should be aware of the extent to which the results may differ from previously published results using v1.5.

scholarly journals Assessment of Plasma Lipid Profile among Sudanese Menopausal Women in Khartoum state-Sudan

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 2037-2041
Author(s):  
Alneil Hamza ◽  
Moadah Abbas ◽  
Elyasa Elfaki ◽  
Mariam Ibrahim ◽  
Ezeldine K Abdalhabib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
P Value ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Study Results

Postmenopausal women tend to have significant changes in lipid profile when compared with premenopausal women. Incidence of cardiovascular disease after menopause believed to occur due to changes in the plasma lipid levels. This study was conducted to estimate and compare serum levels of total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) among Sudanese pre and postmenopausal women. 94 participant women were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. 47 post-menopause women age 48 - 70 years and 47 pre-menopause women age 25-47 years. Estimation of serum lipid profile was carried out using Biosystems colorimetric methods and results statistics were computed by using SPSS. A significant increase in total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride, and LDL-c with a significant decrease in (HDL-c) level among postmenopausal women where found, when compared with pre-menopause women (P-value= <0.05). Total cholesterol and LDL-C level were observed significantly increased according to three interval time duration of menopausal onset (p=0.009 and p=0.034). A positive correlation was observed between the age of and total cholesterol levels in postmenopausal women (R=0.463, P-value =0.001). Study results revealed that postmenopausal status was associated with substantial changes in lipid profile that considered risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Sudanese women.

scholarly journals Obstructive sleep apnea and lipid abnormalities

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitar Karkinski ◽  
Oliver Georgievski ◽  
Pavlina Dzekova-Vidimliski ◽  
Tatajana Milenkovic ◽  
Dejan Dokic
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Lipid Abnormalities

BACKGROUND: There has been a great interest in the interaction between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and metabolic dysfunction, but there is no consistent data suggesting that OSA is a risk factor for dyslipidemia.AIM: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of lipid abnormalities in patients suspected of OSA, referred to our sleep laboratory for polysomnography.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred patients referred to our hospital with suspected OSA, and all of them underwent for standard polysomnography. All patients with respiratory disturbance index (RDI) above 15 were diagnosed with OSA. In the morning after 12 hours fasting, the blood sample was collected from all patients. Blood levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), were determined in all study patients. In the study, both OSA positive and OSA negative patients were divided according to the body mass index (BMI) in two groups. The first group with BMI ≤ 30 kg/m^2 and the second group with BMI > 30 kg/m^2.RESULTS: OSA positive patients with BMI ≤ 30 kg/m^2 had statistically significant higher levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol, and statistically significant lower level of HDL compared to OSA negative patients with BMI ≤ 30. There were no statistically significant differences in age and LDL levels between these groups. OSA positive patients with BMI > 30 kg/m^2 had higher levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL and lower levels of HDL versus OSA negative patients with BMI > 30 kg/m^2, but without statistically significant differences.CONCLUSION:OSA and obesity are potent risk factors for dyslipidemias. OSA could play a significant role in worsening of lipid metabolism in non-obese patients. But in obese patients, the extra weight makes the metabolic changes of lipid metabolism, and the role of OSA is not that very important like in non-obese patients. 

scholarly journals Are maternal metabolic syndrome and lipid profile associated with preterm delivery and preterm premature rupture of membranes?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lida Moghaddam-Banaem ◽  
Shiva Niyaty ◽  
Hadis Sourinejad ◽  
Samira Mokhlesi
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Preterm Delivery ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
P Value ◽  
Premature Rupture Of Membranes ◽  
Premature Rupture ◽  
Preterm Premature Rupture

Abstract Objectives We aimed to evaluate the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS), its components and lipid profile in mid-pregnancy with preterm delivery and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).Methods This prospective cohort study was conducted on 203 pregnant women between 24-28 weeks of gestation, undergoing the gestational diabetes screening test with 50 gr glucose challenge test (GCT). Fasting serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high -density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured during the week after GCT assessment. Information on the participants' pre-pregnancy weight, demographic/ reproductive characteristics, and height and blood pressure (BP) measurements were documented at baseline entry into the study. Metabolic syndrome was defined as the co-existence of 3 or more of the following criteria: Body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy≥30 kg/m2, BP≥130/85 mmHg, GCT≥140mg/dl, TG≥150mg/dl, and HDL-C≤50mg/dl. All participants were followed through routine prenatal care, up to delivery. Any deliveries or rupture of membranes of less than or equal to weeks of pregnancy, were considered preterm delivery and PPROM respectively. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS V.20, and p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.Results MetS was detected in 10 (4.9%) of participants. Logistic regression analysis showed HDL-C levels, and hypertension had significant effects on preterm delivery occurrence [(OR: 0.952, 95%CI: 0.910_0.995), (OR: 1.629, 95% CI: 1.554_1.709) respectively], but no statistically significant results were found for PPROM.Conclusions Low HDL-C levels and hypertension in mid-pregnancy may increase the occurrence of preterm deliveries, indicating that MetS and its components should be monitored more closely in pregnancy.

scholarly journals Association of pre-pandemic high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation and death: the UK Biobank cohort study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Lassale ◽  
Mark Hamer ◽  
Álvaro Hernáez ◽  
Catharine R. Gale ◽  
G. David Batty
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
High Density ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
P Value ◽  
Uk Biobank

AbstractObjectiveThere is growing evidence of, and biological plausibility for, elevated levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), being related to lower rates of severe infection. Accordingly, we tested whether pre-pandemic HDL-C within the normal range is associated with subsequent COVID-19 hospitalisations and death.ApproachWe analysed data on 317,306 participants from UK Biobank, a prospective cohort study, baseline data for which were collected between 2006 and 2010. Follow-up for COVID-19 was via hospitalisation records and a national mortality registry.ResultsAfter controlling for a series of confounding factors which included health behaviours, inflammatory markers, and socio-economic status, higher levels of HDL-C were related to a lower risk of later hospitalisation for COVID-19. The effect was linear (p-value for trend 0.001) such that a 0.2 mmol/L increase in HDL-C was associated with a corresponding 9% reduction in risk (odds ratio; 95% confidence interval: 0.91; 0.86, 0.96). A very similar pattern of association was apparent when COVID-19 mortality was the outcome of interest (odds ratio per 0.2 mmol/l increase in HDL-C: 0.90; 0.81, 1.00); again, a stepwise effect was evident (p-value for trend 0.03).ConclusionsThese novel results for HDL-C and COVID-19 events warrant testing in other studies.

scholarly journals Beverage Consumption and Longitudinal Changes in Lipid Concentrations and Incident Dyslipidemia in U.S. Adults: The Framingham Heart Study (P18-017-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Haslam ◽  
Gina Peloso ◽  
Mark Herman ◽  
Josee Dupuis ◽  
Alice Lichtenstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Framingham Heart Study ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
P Value ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Beverage Consumption ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Heart Study ◽  
Low Hdl

Abstract Objectives Limited data are available on the prospective relationship between beverage consumption and plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in population-based studies. Two major sources of sugar in the US diet are sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB; sodas and fruit drinks) and 100% fruit juices (FJ). Low-calorie sweetened beverages (LCSB) are common replacements for SSB and FJ. Methods Fasting plasma triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were measured at up to 5 exams in the Framingham Heart Study offspring and up to 2 exams in generation 3 cohorts (1998–2005; N = 6730). Consumption of SSB, FJ, and LCSB were estimated from food frequency questionnaires and intakes were categorized. Mixed-effect linear regression models were used to examine changes in lipid concentrations, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for incident dyslipidemia, adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results were statistically significant at a Bonferroni-corrected P-value < 0.017 (0.05/3 outcomes). Results In multivariate-adjusted models, SSB intake was associated with smaller mean 4-year changes in HDL-C [high (>1 serving/day) vs. low intake category (<1 serving/month) (H vs. L): β ± SE: −1.0 ± 0.3 mg/dl, p trend < 0.0001] and greater mean 4-year changes in TG concentrations (H vs. L: β ± SE: 5.7 ± 2.1 mg/dl, p trend = 0.0003), along with a higher incidence of low HDL-C [H vs. L HR (95% CI): 1.64 (1.06–2.54), p for trend = 0.01] and high TG concentrations [H vs. L HR (95% CI): 1.46 (1.05–2.03); p trend = 0.009]. LCSB intake was associated with a higher incidence of low HDL-C [H vs. L HR (95% CI): 1.38 (1.02–1.86), p trend = 0.01] and high LDL-C concentrations [H vs. L HR (95% CI): 1.19 (1.00–1.41); p trend = 0.01]. No other significant associations between beverage consumption and lipid concentrations or incident dyslipidemia were observed. Conclusions SSB intake was associated with changes in HDL-C and TG concentrations and higher risk of dyslipidemia, suggesting that SSB consumption should be limited. LCSB intake was not associated with changes in lipid concentrations, but higher intake was associated with risk of dyslipidemia. Thus, limiting LCSB intake is recommended based on these study findings. Funding Sources NIH, AHA, and ARS, USDA.

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