scholarly journals Non-reciprocal but peaceful fruit sharing in wild bonobos in Wamba

Behaviour ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 152 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 335-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Yamamoto

Food sharing is considered to be a driving force in the evolution of cooperation in human societies. Previously postulated hypotheses for the mechanism and evolution of food sharing, e.g., reciprocity and sharing-under-pressure, were primarily proposed on the basis of meat sharing in chimpanzees. However, food sharing in bonobos has some remarkably different characteristics. Here I report details pertaining to fruit sharing in wild bonobos in Wamba based on 150 events of junglesop fruit sharing between independent individuals. The bonobos, primarily adult females, shared fruit that could be obtained individually without any cooperation or specialized skills. There was no evidence for reciprocal exchange, and their peaceful sharing seems to contradict the sharing-under-pressure explanation. Subordinate females begged for abundant fruit from dominants; this might indicate that they tested the dominants’ tolerance based on social bonds rather than simply begging for the food itself, suggesting existence of courtesy food sharing in bonobos.

Author(s):  
Shinya Yamamoto ◽  
Takeshi Furuichi

Food sharing has played an important role in the evolution of cooperation, especially in hominization. Evolutionary theories regarding food sharing have been based mainly on chimpanzee meat sharing. However, in bonobos, our other closest evolutionary relatives, food sharing occurs in considerably different ways than it does in chimpanzees. Bonobos often share plant food, which can often be obtained without any cooperation or specialized skills, sometimes even when the same food items are abundant and easily available at the sites. The characteristics of bonobo food sharing appear to be at odds with previous hypotheses, such as reciprocity and sharing under pressure, and urge us to shift our viewpoint from the food owner to the recipient. This chapter proposes that recipients beg to strengthen social bonding as well as to gain access to the food itself. Frequent fruit sharing among bonobos may shed light on the evolution of courtesy food sharing to enhance social bonds in a resource-rich environment. Le partage de la nourriture a joué un rôle très important dans l’évolution de coopération, spécialement dans la hominisation. Les théories évolutionnaires sur le partage de la nourriture sont basées, pour la plupart, sur le partage de la viande par les chimpanzés. Cependant, chez les bonobos, nos autres parents évolutionnaires, le partage de la nourriture est fait d’une manière très différente que chez les chimpanzés. Les bonobos partagent fréquemment les aliments végétaux, qui sont obtenus sans coopération et sans compétences spécialisées, et parfois le font même quand cette même nourriture est facilement accessible aux sites. Les caractéristiques du partage de nourriture chez les bonobos contredisent des hypothèses précédentes, comme celle de la réciprocité et du partage-sous-pression, et nous poussent à changer la perspective du propriétaire de la nourriture à celle du bénéficiaire. Nous proposons que les bénéficiaires supplient pour commencer à se lier socialement, et pour accéder à la nourriture. Le partage fréquent des fruits chez les bonobos peut nous informer sur l’évolution du partage de nourriture par politesse pour augmenter les liens sociaux dans un environnement plein de ressources.


2018 ◽  
Vol 306 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Tučková ◽  
R. Šárová ◽  
J. Bartošová ◽  
S. R. B. King ◽  
J. Pluháček

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liran Samuni ◽  
Catherine Crockford ◽  
Roman M. Wittig

AbstractHumans maintain extensive social ties of varying preferences, providing a range of opportunities for beneficial cooperative exchange that may promote collective action and our unique capacity for large-scale cooperation. Similarly, non-human animals maintain differentiated social relationships that promote dyadic cooperative exchange, but their link to cooperative collective action is little known. Here, we investigate the influence of social relationship properties on male and female chimpanzee participations in a costly form of group action, intergroup encounters. We find that intergroup encounter participation increases with a greater number of other participants as well as when participants are maternal kin or social bond partners, and that these effects are independent from one another and from the likelihood to associate with certain partners. Together, strong social relationships between kin and non-kin facilitate group-level cooperation in one of our closest living relatives, suggesting that social bonds may be integral to the evolution of cooperation in our own species.


2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1819) ◽  
pp. 20152524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald G. Carter ◽  
Gerald S. Wilkinson

Regurgitations of blood among vampire bats appear to benefit both direct and indirect fitness. To maximize inclusive fitness, reciprocal food sharing should occur among close kin. Why then do females with kin roost-mates help non-kin? We tested the hypothesis that helping non-kin increases a bat's success at obtaining future donations by expanding its network of potential donors. On six occasions, we individually fasted 14 adult females and measured donations from 28 possible donors. Each female was fasted before, during and after a treatment period, when we prevented donations from past donors (including 10 close relatives) by simultaneously fasting or removing them. This experiment was designed to detect partner switching and yielded three main results. First, females received less food when we prevented donations from a past donor versus a control bat. Donors within a group are therefore not interchangeable. Second, the treatment increased the variance in donors' contributions to food received by subjects, suggesting the possibility of alternative responses to a partner's inability to reciprocate. Finally, bats that fed more non-kin in previous years had more donors and received more food during the treatment. These results indicate that a bat can expand its network of possible donors by helping non-kin.


2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Yamamoto ◽  
Masayuki Tanaka

The evolution of altruism and reciprocity has been explained mainly from ultimate perspectives. However, in order to understand from a proximate perspective how humans evolved to be such cooperative animals, comparative studies with our evolutionary relatives are essential. Here we review several recent experimental studies on chimpanzees’ altruism and reciprocity. These studies have generated some conflicting results. By examining the differences in the results and experimental paradigms, two characteristics of prosociality in chimpanzees emerged: (1) chimpanzees are more likely to behave altruistically and/or reciprocally upon a recipient’s request, than without request, and (2) chimpanzees also show a tendency to regard others and help in contexts not involving food. Supposing that these two characteristics of altruism, recipient-initiated altruism and non-food altruism, were present in the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans, it is possible that increased social cognitive abilities, capacity for language, necessity for food sharing, and enriched material culture favored in humans the unique evolution of cooperation, characterized by voluntary altruism and frequent food donation.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald G. Carter ◽  
Damien R. Farine ◽  
Rachel J. Crisp ◽  
Julia K. Vrtilek ◽  
Simon P. Ripperger ◽  
...  

AbstractIn an individualized animal society, social bonds can foster cooperation and enhance survival and reproduction. Cooperative bonds often exist among kin, but nonkin can also develop high-investment cooperative bonds that share similarities with human friendship. How do such bonds form? One theory suggests that strangers should ‘test the waters’ of a new relationship by making small initial cooperative investments and gradually escalating them with good partners. This ‘raising-the-stakes’ strategy is demonstrated by human strangers in short-term economic games, but it remains unclear whether it applies to helping in a natural long-term social bond. Here we show evidence that unfamiliar vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) selectively escalate low-cost investments in allogrooming before developing higher-cost food-sharing relationships. We introduced females from geographically distant sites in pairs or groups and observed that bats established new reciprocal grooming relationships, and that increasing grooming rates predicted the occurrence of first food donations, at which point grooming rates no longer increased. New food-sharing relationships emerged reciprocally in 14% of female pairs, typically over 10-15 months, and developed faster when strangers lacked alternative familiar partners. A gradual grooming-to-sharing transition among past strangers suggests that ‘raising the stakes’ might be more evident when tracking multiple cooperative behaviours as new relationships form, rather than measuring a single behavior in an established relationship. ‘Raising the stakes’ could play a similar underappreciated role across a broader spectrum of social decisions with long-term consequences, such as joining a new social group or forming a long-term pair-bond.Significance statementVampire bats form long-term cooperative social bonds that involve reciprocal food sharing. How do two unrelated bats go from being strangers to having a high-investment food-sharing relationship? We introduced unfamiliar bats and found evidence that low-cost grooming paves the way for higher-cost food donations. Food sharing emerged in a reciprocal fashion and it emerged faster when two strangers did not have access to their original groupmates. The bats that formed new food-sharing relationships had a history of escalating reciprocal grooming up until the food sharing began. Our finding that unfamiliar nonkin vampire bats appear to gradually and selectively transition from low-cost to high-cost cooperative behaviors is the first evidence that nonhuman individuals ‘raise the stakes’ when forming new cooperative relationships.


The article analyses discussions in modern feminist theory about perspectives for promotion of feminist politics and criticism of neoliberal and anti-gender politics in pandemic situation. In particular, the critical arguments of C. Arruzza, T. Bhattacharya and N. Fraser in their manifesto Feminism for 99% (2019) against liberal feminism and their project of "another feminism" as alternative to the liberal one, which will be focused not on elites but on masses of "real women". The controversial character of the thesis of Manifesto authors is shown: in the situation of a pandemic as a radical rupture of social bonds, an effective argument for international feminist solidarity can be their proposition that all women, regardless of their ethnic, class and racial affiliation, should be united on the basis of their unpaid reproductive and domestic work. The reflections of J. Butler on opportunities of restoring social bonds and resisting the forces of destruction and militarism are analyzed in her book Forces of Nonviolence (2020), in which she develops S. Freud's ideas about the possibility of overcoming the death drive, which in his opinion is the driving force and cause of any war. It is shown that Butler, following Freud, identifies mania as a force capable of overcoming death drive and understands mania as a protest of a living organism against its destruction or self-destruction. The article analyses Butler's thesis about modern feminism, that if uncovering appropriate forms of education, it can develop in human beings a manic aversion to violence and war as means of destroying organic life. In the conclusion, author suggests that it is possible to reconsider feminist criticism of liberal feminism and return to its slogans, while radicalising them.


2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1687) ◽  
pp. 20150095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald S. Wilkinson ◽  
Gerald G. Carter ◽  
Kirsten M. Bohn ◽  
Danielle M. Adams

Many bats are extremely social. In some cases, individuals remain together for years or even decades and engage in mutually beneficial behaviours among non-related individuals. Here, we summarize ways in which unrelated bats cooperate while roosting, foraging, feeding or caring for offspring. For each situation, we ask if cooperation involves an investment, and if so, what mechanisms might ensure a return. While some cooperative outcomes are likely a by-product of selfish behaviour as they are in many other vertebrates, we explain how cooperative investments can occur in several situations and are particularly evident in food sharing among common vampire bats ( Desmodus rotundus ) and alloparental care by greater spear-nosed bats ( Phyllostomus hastatus ). Fieldwork and experiments on vampire bats indicate that sharing blood with non-kin expands the number of possible donors beyond kin and promotes reciprocal help by strengthening long-term social bonds. Similarly, more than 25 years of recapture data and field observations of greater spear-nosed bats reveal multiple cooperative investments occurring within stable groups of non-kin. These studies illustrate how bats can serve as models for understanding how cooperation is regulated in social vertebrates.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-284
Author(s):  
Rudi Haryadi ◽  
Cindi Cludia

Educational psychology learning means studying the psychological aspects of students so that the teacher has basic rules for applying effective learning techniques that are applied to certain student characteristics. Learning skills also involve communicated strategies in learning, regardless of whether students understand them well or not. In the educational process, a teacher is expected to face challenges in evaluating the different characteristics of each student. In educational psychology, the teacher will understand the differences in student personalities in learning and how to deal with these personality differences, so that by studying good educational psychology, the teacher can know the differences in student character and not be confused in dealing with them. In educational psychology, there is a lot of discussion about problems related to human development. Therefore, teachers can not only teach thematic subjects in the classroom, but also provide direction or guidance to students who need academic problems. In addition to providing solutions for students who have academic problems, teachers can also build social bonds with students so as to create a positive atmosphere in learning activities.


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