Distribution of Guaiacyl and Syringyl Lignins in Normal and Compression Wood of Buxus Microphylla Var. Insularis Nakai

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuo Yoshizawa ◽  
Naomi Watanabe ◽  
Sbinso Yokota ◽  
Tosbinaga Idei
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Colour Reaction ◽  
Buxus Microphylla ◽  
Vessel Walls ◽  
Syringyl Unit ◽  
Secondary Fibre

The distribution of guaiacyl and syringyl lignins in the secondary xylem tissues of normal and compression wood of Buxus microphylla var. insularis Nakai was examined by visible light (VL) microspectrophotometry coupled with the Mäule and Wiesner colour reactions and by UV -microspectrophotometry, and compared with normal wood of Betula ermani Cham. Buxus formed compression wood on the lower side of the leaning sterns, and the secondary walls of the vessels and fibre-tracheids showed excessive lignification, resembling the S2 (L) layer of compression wood tracheids in gymnosperms.In normal wood of both species, the Mäule colour reaction indicated that in Betula the secondary walls of fibres contain larger amounts of syringyl units in the lignins than other tissues, and that in Buxus the secondary walls of fibre-tracheids contain both syringyl and guaiacyl units. The vessel walls of both speeies contained higher amounts of guaiacyl units. Heterogeneity of the syringyl-Jignin distribution was found in the secondary walls of Buxus fibre-tracheids.In compression wood of Buxus, on the other hand, the spectra of the secondary walls of the vessels and fibretracheids after the Mäule reaction showed low absorbances compared with the normal wood, whereas, after the Wiesner reaction, their secondary walls gave high absorbances. In addition, the UV -absorption maximum of the secondary fibre walls shifted from 274 nm to 279 nrn, and the UV -absorbances of the vessei and fibre-tracheid walls greatly increased in compression wood. The results obtained in the present study demonstrated that in normal Buxus wood the secondary walls of the vessels and fibre-tracheids contain both guaiacyl and syringyl units, though the syringyl unit is a rninor constituent in the vessel walls, and that both cell types increase their contents of guaiacyl units, especially in the outer parts of the secondary walls during their changes from normal wood to compression wood. The present study also suggested that the Wiesner reaction may be used for examining the content of lignin and the proportion of guaiacyl to syringyl units in lignins.

Deposition of Lignin in Differentiating Xylem Cell Walls of Normal and Compression Wood of Buxus microphylla var. insularis Nakai

Holzforschung ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuo Yoshizawa ◽  
Hiromi Ohba ◽  
Junko Uchiyama ◽  
Shinso Yokota
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Outer Region ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Buxus Microphylla

Summary The deposition process of lignins within differentiating xylem walls of normal and compression wood of Buxus microphylla var. insularis Nakai was examined by visible-light microspectrophotometry coupled with the Wiesner and Mäule reactions. Buxus formed compression wood on the underside of the leaning stems. The secondary walls of the vessels and fibre tracheids in compression wood showed an intense lignification in the outer region of S2 layer. The spectra of tissues after Mäule and Wiesner reactions showed absorption maxima of around 515 nm and 570 nm, respectively. In differentiating xylem cells of normal wood, lignin composed of both guaiacyl and syringyl units was deposited mainly during the S2 thickening and after formation of the S3 layer in fibre tracheids, whereas in vessels it was actively deposited mainly during the S2 thickening. In compression wood, the deposition of the lignin composed of guaiacyl units was observed for a long period from the early stages of the S2 thickening. Lignification was becoming particularly active at the outer portion of S2 layer after completion of the S2 thickening in both vessels and fibre tracheids. On the other hand, the syringyl units were deposited mainly during the S2 thickening in both cell types.

Reaction Wood Anatomy in a Vessel-Less Angiosperm Sarcandra Glabra

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruna Aiso ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Yuya Takashima ◽  
Kazuya Iizuka ◽  
Shinso Yokota
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Angiosperm Species ◽  
Guaiacyl Lignin

Anatomy and lignin distribution in artificially inclined stems of Sarcandra glabra were investigated to clarify the characteristics of reaction wood (RW) in a vessel-less angiosperm species. Of the five coppiced stems studied from a single tree, two stems were fixed straight and classified as normal wood (NW) and the remaining three stems were inclined at 50 degrees from the vertical to induce the formation of the RW. Compared with NW, the lower side of the inclined samples had a relatively high compressive surface-released strain and an increase in the microfibril angle of the S2 layer of tracheids. However, no significant change was observed in the length or cell wall thickness of the tracheids. The results of Wiesner and Mäule colour reactions indicated that the amount of guaiacyl lignin in the cell walls of tracheids was increased in RW. It appears that RW in Sarcandra is formed on the lower side of inclined stems, and its anatomical characteristics and chemical composition are similar to those of the compression wood (CW) found in gymnosperm species (the so-called “CW-like RW” type).

ANATOMY AND LIGNIN DISTRIBUTION OF “COMPRESSION-WOOD-LIKE REACTION WOOD” IN GARDENIA JASMINOIDES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruna Aiso ◽  
Tokiko Hiraiwa ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Kazuya Iizuka ◽  
Shinso Yokota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Gardenia Jasminoides ◽  
S2 Layer ◽  
Secondary Fibre

Anatomical characteristics and lignin distribution of ‘compression-wood-like reaction wood’ in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis were investigated. Two coppiced stems of a tree were artificially inclined to form reaction wood (RW). One stem of the same tree was fixed straight as a control, and referred to as normal wood (NW). Excessive positive values of surface-released strain were measured on the underside of RW stems. Anatomical characteristics of xylem formed on the underside of RW and in NW stems were also observed. The xylem formed on the underside exhibited a lack of S3 layer in the secondary fibre walls, an increase of pit aperture angle in the S2 layer, and an increase in lignin content. Some of the anatomical characteristics observed in the underside xylem resembled compression wood in gymnosperms. These results suggest that the increase of microfibril angle in the secondary wall and an increase in lignin content in angiosperms might be common phenomena resembling compression wood of gymnosperms.

Strain Changes on the Inner Bark Surface of an Inclined Coniferous Sapling Producing Compression Wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 664-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yoshida ◽  
O. Yamamoto ◽  
T. Okuyama
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Tangential Strain ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Pressure Changes

Summary The tangential strain on the inner bark of Cryptomeria japonica saplings grown in a growth chamber was continuously measured using strain gauges. Compression wood formation was induced by artificial inclination. The diurnal changes in tangential strain during light/dark cycles in the growth chamber differed from those observed in the field. The total strain increased daily, increasing incrementally during dark periods and decreasing in the light, as observed in the field. In the growth chamber, however, steep increases and rapid decreases in strain were found immediately following lights-off and lights-on. In the inclined saplings, the strain increased more on the lower side of the stem than on the upper side; and the increment of the strain in the dark and the decrement in the light were larger on the lower side than on the upper side. The change in tangential strain on the inner bark surface arises from changes in the volume of differentiating cells, corresponding to turgor pressure changes and cell-wall extensibility changes. Therefore, the differentiating tracheids into compression wood appear to expand at night and shrink in the daytime more than the differentiating tracheids into normal wood.

MICROFIBRIL ANGLE OF THE S1 CELL WALL LAYER OF NORWAY SPRUCE COMPRESSION WOOD TRACHEIDS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Brändström
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Thermomechanical Pulp ◽  
Ultrastructural Organization ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Cell Wall Layer ◽  
Fracture Characteristics

The ultrastructural organization of the outer layer of the secondary wall (i.e. S1 layer) of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) compression wood tracheids was investigated with emphasis on the microfibril angle. Light microscopy was used to study the orientation of soft rot cavities (viz. microfibril angle) in compression wood tracheids from macerated soft rot degraded wood blocks. In addition, surface and fracture characteristics of compression wood tracheids selected from a thermomechanical pulp were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that the orientation of soft rot cavities varied little between tracheids and the angles were also consistent along the length of individual tracheids. The average S1 microfibril angle in two selected annual rings was 90.0° ± 2.7° and 88.9° ± 2.4° respectively. SEM observations of the compression wood tracheids from the pulp showed distinct fractures between S1 and S2 or within S1 and these fractures were oriented perpendicular to the tracheid axis. It was concluded that the microfibril angle of the S1 layer of compression wood tracheids is higher and less variable than normal wood tracheids. This is considered an adaptation for restraining the compressive forces that act on leaning conifer stems or branches.

Induction of Compression Wood in Rooted Cuttings of Pseudotsuga Menziesii (MIRB.) Franco by Indole-3-Acetic Acid

IAWA Journal ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Starbuck ◽  
John E. Phelps
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Auxin Content ◽  
Transverse Gradient ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

A study was conducted to determine if exogenously applied indole-3-acetic acid would stimulate symmetric or asymmetric compression wood formation in stems of rooted cuttings of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Dormant two-year-old rooted cuttings were decapitated one cm below the terminal bud and treated with IAA in lanolin emulsion. Plants treated with IAA at 1 or 10 mg/g concentrations produced up to 25 rows of new xylem cells during the three week treatment period, while control plants produced essentially none. Compression wood formation was greater on the upper (originally adaxial) than on the lower side of the stem. The results support the hypothesis that basal curvature of rooted Douglas-fir cuttings is the result of a system developing a transverse gradient in auxin content in the stem leading to asymmetric compression wood formation.

scholarly journals Eccentric Growth But no Compression Wood in a Horizontal Stem of Cycas Micronesica (Cycadales)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack B. Fisher ◽  
Thomas E. Marler
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Vascular Tissues

A single 1.41-m-long trunk of Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill was found growing horizontally in natural habitat on the island of Guam. Transverse sections of the trunk showed enhancement of secondary vascular tissues on the lower side by the production of more arcs of accessory vascular cambia and more parenchyma as compared to the upper side. Xylem tracheids were similar in upper and lower sides. There was no evidence of compression wood tracheids as seen in conifers.

scholarly journals Anatomy, Cell Wall Structure and Topochemistry of Water-Logged Archaeological wood aged 5,200 and 4,500 years

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Čufar ◽  
Jožica Gričar ◽  
Martin Zupančič ◽  
Gerald Koch ◽  
Uwe Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Uv Absorbance ◽  
Archaeological Wood ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Prehistoric Settlements ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Uv Microspectrophotometry

Evaluating the state of deterioration of water-logged archaeological wood is necessary in order to select treatments for its conservation and storage, particularly in the case of valuable archaeological artefacts. For this purpose archaeological wood of ash (Fraxinus sp.) and oak (Quercus sp.) buried in water-logged conditions at prehistoric settlements on the Ljubljansko barje (Ljubljana moor), Slovenia, aged approx. 5,200 and 4,500 years, was investigated by means of light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cellular UV-microspectrophotometry (UMSP). LM and TEM revealed that the ash wood aged 5,200 years was the least preserved. The secondary walls of fibres, vessels and parenchyma cells were considerably thinner than in normal wood, indicating distinct degradation. TEM and UMSP additionally revealed strong delignification of the remaining parts of the secondary walls of all cell types. The compound middle lamellae appeared structurally intact, but had lower UV-absorbance than normal wood of the same species. The cell corners were topochemically unchanged, as shown by high analogue UV-absorbance. The UV-absorbance maxima at a wavelength of 278 nm corresponded to those of hardwood lignins. The oak heartwood was generally better preserved than the ash wood. Within each species, the 4,500- year-old samples generally appeared better preserved than those 5,200 years old.

Contribution of lignin to the stress transfer in compression wood viewed by tensile FTIR loading

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Peng ◽  
Lennart Salmén ◽  
Jiali Jiang ◽  
Jianxiong Lu
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Stress Transfer ◽  
Direct Coupling ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Static Tensile Loading ◽  
Static Tensile ◽  
Lower Load ◽  
Dynamic Loading Conditions ◽  
Molecular Deformation

AbstractTo achieve efficient utilization of compression wood (CW), a deeper insight into the molecular interactions is necessary. In particular, the role of lignin in the wood needs to be better understood, especially concerning how lignin contributes to its mechanical properties. For this reason, the properties of CW and normal wood (NW) from Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) have been studied on a molecular scale by means of polarized Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, under both static and dynamic loading conditions. Under static tensile loading, only molecular deformations of cellulose were observed in both CW and NW. No participation of lignin could be detected. In relation to the macroscopic strain, the molecular deformation of the cellulose C-O-C bond was greater in NW than in CW as a reflection of the higher microfibril angle and the lower load taken up by CW. Under dynamic deformation, a larger contribution of the lignin to stress transfer was detected in CW; the molecular deformation of the lignin being highly related to the amplitude of the applied stress. Correlation analysis indicated that there was a direct coupling between lignin and cellulose in CW, but there was no evidence of such a direct coupling in NW.

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