scholarly journals Status–Authority Asymmetry between Professions: The Case of 911 Dispatchers and Police Officers

2021 ◽  
pp. 000183922110595
Author(s):  
Arvind Karunakaran
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Communication Medium ◽  
Noncompliant Behavior ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Second Degree

Status–authority asymmetry in the workplace emerges when lower-status professionals are ascribed with the functional authority to oversee higher-status professionals and elicit compliance from them on specific processes or tasks. Eliciting such compliance is ridden with challenges. How and when can lower-status professionals with functional authority elicit compliance from higher-status professionals? To examine this question, I conducted a 24-month ethnography of 911 emergency coordination to understand how 911 dispatchers (lower-status professionals with functional authority) can elicit compliance from police officers (higher-status professionals). I identify a set of relational styles—entailing interactional practices and communication media—enacted by the dispatchers. My findings suggest that dispatchers whose relational styles involved customizing the workflow via private communications with police officers or privately escalating cases of officers’ noncompliance to supervisors did not elicit greater compliance. In contrast, dispatchers who did elicit compliance used a peer publicizing relational style: they shared news of the noncompliant behavior—generally in a bantering, humorous manner—with an officer’s immediate peers using a communication medium that all officers in the police unit could hear. Publicizing noncompliant behavior among the immediate peers triggered the officer to self-discipline, as that noncompliant officer’s trustworthiness was on the line in front of the peer group. More generally, through enrolling an alter’s peers in the compliance process, the lower-status professionals with functional authority could generate second-degree influence and elicit compliance from the higher-status professionals.

scholarly journals Status-Authority Asymmetry between Professions: The Case of 911 Dispatchers and Police Officers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvind Karunakaran
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Private Communication ◽  
Peer Communication ◽  
Communication Medium ◽  
Noncompliant Behavior ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Second Degree

Status-authority asymmetry in the workplace emerges when lower-status professionals are ascribed with higher functional authority to oversee higher-status professionals and elicit compliance from them. However, eliciting compliance from the higher-status professionals is ridden with challenges. How and when lower-status professionals with functional authority could elicit compliance from higher-status professionals? To examine this question, I conducted a 24-month ethnography of 911 emergency coordination to understand how 911 dispatchers (lower-status professionals with functional authority) were able to elicit compliance from the police officers (higher-status professionals). I identify a set of relational styles – entailing interactional practices and communication media – enacted by the 911 dispatchers. Findings suggest that as compared to the customizing and the escalating relational styles enacted via the private communication medium, the publicizing relational style (i.e., publicizing the noncompliant behavior of an officer to his immediate peers) enacted via the peer communication medium enabled the dispatchers to elicit compliance. Such peer publicizing triggered self-disciplining, as that noncompliant officers’ trustworthiness is on the line in front of the peer group. More generally, through enrolling the alters’ peers in the compliance process, the lower-status professionals with functional authority were able to generate second-degree influence and elicit compliance from the higher-status professionals.

Gender and Children's Social World: Esteemed and Marginalised Masculinities in the Primary School Playground

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Social Worlds ◽  
Institutional Practices ◽  
The Social ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Relative Status ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the role played by the social worlds of primary school children in producing and reproducing a range of masculine identities. It describes the relatively gender-segregated nature of the culture of middle-childhood, arguing that the specific institutional context reinforces this segregation. The article outlines the range of masculinities documented in the primary school playground and examines the ways in which both the school institution and the peer-group define and police the boundaries of masculinity. The school negatively labels dominant, assertive males through certain institutional practices and attitudes. Certain boys with more androgynous styles are of higher status with peers in this context. The impact of other identities on the relative status of boys is examined. It is shown how those boys who are differently abled are of lower status. Peers perceive them as less socially mature. Their relative invisibility and stigmatisation is partly a consequence of institutional practices.

Communication Security Technologies in Smart Organizations

2011 ◽  
pp. 333-353
Author(s):  
Raphael C.W. Phan
Keyword(s):  
Information Age ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Communication Security ◽  
Communication Medium ◽  
Security Technologies ◽  
Current Information ◽  
Business Establishment

In this chapter, we discuss the security technologies that are important in guaranteeing the good quality of communication within smart organizations. We first briefly review the various forms of communication that can be used in the current information age, before outlining the possible threats that can be faced in each communication medium. We then describe the relevant security technologies that help to protect communication media from common threats, as well as the security tools available in the market that implement these technologies. The topics discussed in this chapter would serve to educate the smart organizations towards securing their various means of communication, which is vital for a business establishment to exist and coexist with peers and partners.

The Self-Regulatory Focus as a Determinant of Perceived Richness of a Communication Medium

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicenc Fernandez ◽  
Xavier Armengol ◽  
Pep Simo
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
The Self ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Regulatory Focus Theory ◽  
Communication Medium ◽  
Expansion Theory ◽  
Channel Expansion ◽  
Focus Theory

At present, a large number of theories exist which explain the process for choosing communication media in organizations. Channel expansion theory combines a large part of the theoretical foundation for these theories, suggesting that the perceived richness of a communication medium varies according to experience based on the knowledge of the organization’s members. Equally, Regulatory Focus Theory also suggests that individuals behave in a different way when their self regulation states are different. This investigation intends to present a set of proposals based on the existing literature about how strategy type /focus (promotion and prevention) affects the perception of the richness of a communication medium, increasing the explanatory capacity of channel expansion theory.

scholarly journals MENGGAGAS MADING SEBAGAI MEDIA KOMUNIKASI PARTISIPATIF DI SDN TANJUNG ANOM 3 NGANJUK

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Inri Inggrit Indrayani ◽  
Gatut Priyowidodo ◽  
Marsefio S. Luhukay
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Bulletin Board ◽  
Communication Medium ◽  
Participatory Communication ◽  
Service Activities

As the simplest communication media, mading is a significant medium to encourage creativity, imagination and provide opportunity for students to be expresive. In fact, there aren’t many schools utilizing mading as a communication medium to empower students. Mading management that empowers students will also provide benefits to improve the literacy skills and build a culture of teamwork. This paper aims to examine the utilization of mading as a learning medium for students at SDN Tanjung Anom 3 Nganjuk. Mading is merely informative medium or one-way communication from the teacher to the students. Mading utilization is emphasized as a bulletin board only. Community service activities were implemented then, aimed to put mading as a medium of participatory communication in order to foster synergies between school as educational institution and the needs of the students. The results of the training has been done in SDN Tanjung Anom 3 shows that the management of mading within involvement of students will make them become more creative, expressive and imaginative. Students further become collaborative and explorative in mading management thus the function of mading as a medium of two way communication might be implemented.

scholarly journals Android Robots as Telepresence Media

Robotics ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 1319-1327
Author(s):  
Kohei Ogawa ◽  
Shuichi Nishio ◽  
Takashi Minato ◽  
Hiroshi Ishiguro
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Communication Medium ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Natural Conversation ◽  
Conference System ◽  
As If

In this chapter, the authors describe two human-like android robots, known as Geminoid and Telenoid, which they have developed. Geminoid was developed for two reasons: (1) to explore how humans react or respond the android during face-to-face communication and (2) to investigate the advantages of the android as a communication medium compared to traditional communication media, such as the telephone or the television conference system. The authors conducted two experiments: the first was targeted to an interlocutor of Geminoid, and the second was targeted to an operator of it. The results of these experiments showed that Geminoid could emulate a human’s presence in a natural-conversation situation. Additionally, Geminoid could be as persuasive to the interlocutor as a human. The operators of Geminoid were also influenced by the android: during operation, they felt as if their bodies were one and the same with the Geminoid body. The latest challenge has been to develop Telenoid, an android with a more abstract appearance than Geminoid, which looks and behaves as a minimalistic human. At first glance, Telenoid resembles a human; however, its appearance can be interpreted as any sex or any age. Two field experiments were conducted with Telenoid. The results of these experiments showed that Telenoid could be an acceptable communication medium for both young and elderly people. In particular, physical interaction, such as a hug, positively affected the experience of communicating with Telenoid.

Communication Security Technologies in Smart Organizations

2008 ◽  
pp. 2782-2796
Author(s):  
Raphael C.W. Phan
Keyword(s):  
Information Age ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Communication Security ◽  
Communication Medium ◽  
Security Technologies ◽  
Current Information ◽  
Business Establishment

In this chapter, we discuss the security technologies that are important in guaranteeing the good quality of communication within smart organizations. We first briefly review the various forms of communication that can be used in the current information age, before outlining the possible threats that can be faced in each communication medium. We then describe the relevant security technologies that help to protect communication media from common threats, as well as the security tools available in the market that implement these technologies. The topics discussed in this chapter would serve to educate the smart organizations towards securing their various means of communication, which is vital for a business establishment to exist and coexist with peers and partners.

Instant messaging or face-to-face? How choice of communication medium affects team collaboration environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun M Tang ◽  
Adrian Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Digital Communication ◽  
Instant Messaging ◽  
Project Work ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Nonverbal Cues ◽  
Communication Effectiveness ◽  
Communication Medium ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Team Projects ◽  
Project Objectives

Working on team projects is a common feature in higher education as a way to foster team learning and collaboration. For a team to work well towards achieving project objectives, it is important that there is effective team communication. Conventionally, face-to-face interactions allow students to interact with each other in multiple communication channels, simultaneously sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal messages in real time. Today, modern mobile technology offers students a variety of alternative digital communication media for collaboration. Unlike a full-channel communication medium such as the face-to-face interaction, a digital communication medium like instant messaging does not normally transmit nonverbal cues. As a result, to compensate for insufficient nonverbal cues, users of instant messaging services have to put more effort and time into understanding each other. If more effort and time is required to understand each other better, then why is it that today’s students prefer instant messaging to face-to-face interactions for collaborative project work? To answer this question, this study conducted a questionnaire survey to collect responses from university students who have been involved in team projects. This study analysed students’ copresence (a second-order formative construct consisting of two first-order constructs: self-copresence and partner-copresence) and its relationships with media satisfaction and communication effectiveness. It investigated whether these relationships differed between the students who used instant messaging and those who used face-to-face interactions. In addition, this study also examined whether media satisfaction played a mediating role between copresence and communication effectiveness. The findings of this study could help explain how different communication media can facilitate teamwork in collaborative learning environments.

Android Robots as Telepresence Media

2013 ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Kohei Ogawa ◽  
Shuichi Nishio ◽  
Takashi Minato ◽  
Hiroshi Ishiguro
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Communication Medium ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Natural Conversation ◽  
Conference System ◽  
As If

In this chapter, the authors describe two human-like android robots, known as Geminoid and Telenoid, which they have developed. Geminoid was developed for two reasons: (1) to explore how humans react or respond the android during face-to-face communication and (2) to investigate the advantages of the android as a communication medium compared to traditional communication media, such as the telephone or the television conference system. The authors conducted two experiments: the first was targeted to an interlocutor of Geminoid, and the second was targeted to an operator of it. The results of these experiments showed that Geminoid could emulate a human’s presence in a natural-conversation situation. Additionally, Geminoid could be as persuasive to the interlocutor as a human. The operators of Geminoid were also influenced by the android: during operation, they felt as if their bodies were one and the same with the Geminoid body. The latest challenge has been to develop Telenoid, an android with a more abstract appearance than Geminoid, which looks and behaves as a minimalistic human. At first glance, Telenoid resembles a human; however, its appearance can be interpreted as any sex or any age. Two field experiments were conducted with Telenoid. The results of these experiments showed that Telenoid could be an acceptable communication medium for both young and elderly people. In particular, physical interaction, such as a hug, positively affected the experience of communicating with Telenoid.

Evidence of Compensatory Adaptation to Unnatural Media in a Field Study of Process Redesign Dyads

2011 ◽  
pp. 123-156
Author(s):  
Ned Kock
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Communication ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Outcome Quality ◽  
Adaptation Theory ◽  
Communication Medium ◽  
Process Redesign ◽  
Compensatory Adaptation ◽  
The Face

Much of the past research on electronic communication media suggests that those media pose obstacles to communication in collaborative tasks when compared with the face-to-face medium. On the other hand, past research also points at mixed findings in connection with the quality of the outcomes of collaborative tasks, generally suggesting that the use of electronic communication media has no negative effect on those outcomes. A new theoretical framework building on human evolution theory, called compensatory adaptation theory, has been proposed to explain these contradictory findings. This study provides a review and test of compensatory adaptation theory. It investigates the impact of the use of an electronic communication medium on 20 business process redesign dyads involving managers and professionals at a large defense contractor, with a focus on cognitive effort, communication ambiguity, message preparation, fluency, and task outcome quality. The study suggests that even though the use of electronic communication media seemed to increase cognitive effort and communication ambiguity, it had a neutral impact on task outcome quality. These results appear to be an outcome of compensatory adaptation, whereby the members of the dyads interacting through the electronic communication medium modified their behavior in order to compensate for the obstacles posed by the medium, which is suggested by a decrease in fluency and an increase in message preparation. The results generally support predictions based on compensatory adaptation theory.

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