scholarly journals Dimensions of Rural-to-Urban Migration and Premarital Pregnancy in Kenya

2013 ◽  
Vol 648 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwei Xu ◽  
Blessing U. Mberu ◽  
Rachel E. Goldberg ◽  
Nancy Luke
Keyword(s):  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Premarital Pregnancy ◽  
Sexual Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Reproductive Health Education ◽  
Rural To Urban Migration

Rural-to-urban migration is increasingly common among youths in developing countries and could affect sexual activities with consequences for premarital pregnancies. We use life history data collected in Kisumu, Kenya, to investigate how the timing and number of rural-to-urban moves are associated with premarital pregnancy. Among sexually experienced young women aged 18 to 24 ( N = 226), 60 percent had moved at least once in the past 10 years and 38 percent had experienced a premarital pregnancy. Results of the event history analysis show that those who experienced one or two moves were at increased risk for premarital pregnancy compared to nonmovers. Also at increased risk were movers whose most recent move occurred in the past 7 to 12 months. Finally, those whose last move occurred at age 13 or younger were also at an elevated risk. Migration brings about specific risks and needs for youths, including the need for sexual and reproductive health education and services, which should be made available and accessible to new urban residents.

An Overview of Rural to Urban Migration in China and Social Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-282
Author(s):  
Ziwei Qi
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Labour Demand ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
The Past ◽  
Internal Migrations ◽  
Rural To Urban Migration ◽  
Employment Sectors

The rural to urban migration in China represents one of the greatest internal migrations of people in history as rural populations have moved to cities in response to growing labour demand. One major cause of the increased labour demand was the “Reform and Open Market Policy” initiated at the end of the 1970s. The policy amplified the rural to urban divide by promoting a more thoroughly market-based economy with a corresponding reduction in the importance of agricultural production and a greater emphasis on non-agricultural market sectors. As a result, a series of economic reforms have drastically changed the cultural and social aspects of the rural area over the past three decades. Many social problems have been created due to rural to urban migration. These problems include institutional discrimination because of the restrictive household registration policies; social stigmatisation and discrimination in state-owned employment sectors and among urban residents; psychological distress and feelings of alienation.

Understanding the Adoption of Voter Identification Laws in the American States

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Biggers ◽  
Michael J. Hanmer
Keyword(s):  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Political Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Event History ◽  
Federal Legislation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Voter Identification ◽  
Extensive Analysis ◽  
American States ◽  
History Analysis

Recently, many states have reversed the decades-long trend of facilitating ballot access by enacting a wave of laws requesting or requiring identification from registrants before they vote. Identification laws, however, are not an entirely new phenomenon. We offer new theoretical insights regarding how changes in political power influence the adoption of identification laws. In the most extensive analysis to date, we use event history analysis to examine why states adopted a range of identification laws over the past several decades. We consistently find that the propensity to adopt is greatest when control of the governor’s office and legislature switches to Republicans (relationships not previously identified), and that this likelihood increases further as the size of Black and Latino populations in the state expands. We also find that federal legislation in the form of the Help America Vote Act seems to enhance the effects of switches in partisan control.

scholarly journals Event History Analysis of Grievance Arbitration in Ontario: Labour Justice Delayed?

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce J. Curran
Keyword(s):  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Event History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Grievance Arbitration ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Employment Standards ◽  
Common Perception

Summary A number of empirical studies from the early 1970s to the mid-1990s indicated that delay in Canadian grievance arbitration was becoming an increasing problem. There have been no further scientific studies on delay since then, despite developments that may exacerbate the issue like increased legalism and expanded arbitral jurisdiction. Academics and practitioners have recently voiced renewed concerns about the threat that delay poses to the viability of the grievance arbitration system. To address this gap in the scientific literature, the present study examines delay and its determinants in Ontario over the last two decades. Content analysis was conducted on a random sample of almost 400 Ontario grievance arbitrations from three reference years (1994, 2004, and 2012). I then performed event history analysis on the data to determine the various factors that were associated with delay. Consistent with common perception, my empirical results suggest that delay has become worse over the past two decades. I find that certain legalistic factors are indeed associated with delay, including the use of lawyers, the use of preliminary objections, the number of witnesses testifying, and attacks on credibility. In terms of expanded arbitral jurisdiction, I find that while delay has increased for grievances involving alleged Employment Standards Act violations, for all other non-traditional issues (including human rights complaints) there are no significant increases. The results also show that certain dispute resolution procedures, such as expedited arbitration and the use of sole arbitrators are related to shorter grievance durations, and this, combined with the other findings, suggests practical solutions to the issue of delay. However, the findings also suggest that the use of certain procedures involving additional steps, like settlement and mediation-arbitration, can also serve to increase grievance duration when used unsuccessfully.

scholarly journals Beyond the Niche Hypothesis. Property, Marriage, and the Onset of Familial Reproduction in Rural Northwest Germany, 1820–1866

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 73-95
Author(s):  
Georg Fertig
Keyword(s):  
Family Dynamics ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Relative Prices ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Premarital Pregnancy ◽  
Northwest Germany ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

The study applies event history analysis to nominative data of three contrasting localities to explore the relationship between property transmission and family formation. This allows testing several hypotheses concerning demographic regulation and family dynamics in preindustrial Europe, including but not limited to the niche hypothesis. The analysis finds evidence for four mechanisms of family formation. Firstly, the death of one or both parents promoted marriage of their children. For farmholders, niche inheritance was an important contribution; but parental death also leads to an increase of nuptiality among those who did not own landed property. Beyond ownership, the importance of familial labour roles, particularly of older and younger women, can explain this observation. Second, marriages resulted from the accumulation of an appropriate marriage fund, as indicated by the results that purchases of land and favorable relative prices contributed to the conclusion of marriages. Third, there was an independent role for family dynamics in the sense that property transmission to one child promoted marriage of siblings. The fourth mechanism relates to autonomous family formation through marriages resulting from sexual encounters (indicated by premarital pregnancy). The relative weight of these four mechanisms is remarkably stable across social class and ecotype.

scholarly journals Selvmordsrisiko blandt personer diagnosticeret med demens

Suicidologi ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Erlangsen
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Event History ◽  
First Year ◽  
Dementia Diagnosis ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Increased Risk

Formål: Studiet undersøger risikoen for selvmord blandt personer med hospitalsdiagnosticeret demens og dets sammenhæng med depression. Data og metode: Individbaserede registerdata dækkende alle personer fyldt 50 år og derover bosat i Danmark i perioden 1. januar 1990 til 31. december 2000 (N = 2.474.767) blev analyseret. Eventhistory analyseteknik blev benyttet til at beregne relative risiko for død af selvmord i multivariable analyser. Resultat: I alt 18.648.875 personår blev observeret over det 11-årige studieforløb. Der forekom 136 selvmord blandt personer med demens diagnosticeret ved hospitalsindlæggelse. Den relative risiko for selvmord blandt mænd og kvinder i alderen 50–69 år med demens var henholdsvis 8,5 [CI-95%: 6,3–11,3] og 10,8 [CI-95%:7,4–15,7]. Personer fyldt 70 år og derover med demensdiagnoser havde en tre gange højere selvmordsrisiko end personer uden demens. Den forhøjede selvmordsrisiko blandt personer med demens forblev signifikant også efter justering for depressionsdiagnoser. Henholdsvis 40% og 38% af selvmord blandt mænd og kvinder med demens fandt sted inden for det første år efter demensdiagnosen første gang blev konstateret. Konklusion: Demens, defineret som diagnosticeret ved hospitalsindlæggelse, var forbundet med en højere selvmordsrisiko for personer fyldt 50 år og derover. Særligt tiden efter første diagnose og dobbeltdiagnose med depression korrelerede med en forhøjet risiko for selvmord. Objective: The current study aims to examine the risk of suicide in persons diagnosed with dementia during a hospitalization and its relationship to mood disorders. Data and method: Individual-level register data on all persons aged 50+ living in Denmark during January 1, 1990 through December 31, 2000 (N = 2,474,767) were included in the analysis. Event-history analysis was applied to calculate relative risks of dying by suicide while controlling for select timevarying covariates Results: A total of 18,648,875 personyears were observed during the 11-year study period. During this period, 136 persons who previously were diagnosed with dementia died by suicide. Men and women aged 50–69 years with hospital presentations of dementia had a relative suicide risk of 8.5 [CI-95%: 6.3–11.3] and 10.8 [CI-95%:7.4–15.7], respecti-vely. Those who aged 70 or older with dementia had a threefold higher risk than persons with no dementia. The risk among persons with dementia remained significant when controlling for diag-noses of mood disorders. As many as 40% of the men and 38% of the women who died by suicide died within the first year after initial dementia diagnosis. Conclusions: Dementia, determined during hospitalization, was associated with an elevated risk of suicide for older adults. Particularly, time shortly after initial diagnosis and presence of mood disorders was found to correlate with an increased risk of suicide.

scholarly journals China and the Internationalisation of the Sociology of Contemporary Work and Employment

2021 ◽  
pp. 095001702110594
Author(s):  
Eleonore Kofman ◽  
Maggy Lee ◽  
Tommy Tse
Keyword(s):  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Past ◽  
Labour Process ◽  
Contemporary Work ◽  
Rural To Urban Migration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Work And Employment

The China e-Special Issue brings together 11 articles on the sociology of contemporary work and employment in China which have been published in WES in the past two decades, highlighting the increasing frequency of submissions, and also reflecting the diversity, complexity and plurality of work and employment in the region. The foci of debates include the changing fault lines of work and employment; the changing relationships between state, employers and workers; the impact of rural to urban migration and urbanisation on the labour process and employment configurations; the interrelations between production and social reproduction and its gendered dimensions; and the need to develop established methodologies further given the changing nature of the research subject.

DOES RURAL-TO-URBAN MIGRATION PLACE ADOLESCENTS AT RISK OF DELETERIOUS SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES? EVIDENCE FROM HAITI

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-745
Author(s):  
Jessica Heckert
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Sexual And Reproductive Health ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
First Sex ◽  
Migrant Youth ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Timing Of Migration ◽  
Urban Migrant ◽  
Using Data

SummaryThis study examines the links between migration and sexual and reproductive health among rural-to-urban migrant youth in Haiti. It evaluates behavioural, knowledge and attitudinal components from the perspective of three competing explanations for migrants’ behaviours: adaptation, disruption and selection. Discrete-time event history analysis is employed to compare these hypotheses using Haiti Demographic and Health Survey data (N=1215 adolescent girls,N=829 adolescent boys). Multi-level models are used to compare changes in knowledge and attitudes in individuals using data from the Haiti Youth Transitions Study (N=223). The findings reveal that disruption is the most plausible explanation for the timing of migration and first sex among girls. However, contrary to the assumption that migrant youth risk experiencing first sex earlier, girls are less likely to experience first sex near the time they migrate, and rural-to-urban migrant boys may experience first sex at later ages. The high aspirations of migrant youth provide a likely explanation for these findings. Furthermore, male migrants accumulate less protective knowledge, which is consistent with the disruption hypothesis, and migrants endorse premarital sex similarly to non-migrants. Sexual and reproductive health curricula should be adapted to the unique needs of migrant youth, and youth should be targeted before they migrate.

Event History Analysis in Demography

1995 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-357
Author(s):  
Johannes Huinink
Keyword(s):  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Event History ◽  
History Analysis

From source-oriented databases to event-history data files: a twelve-step action plan for the analysis of individual and household life histories

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Onno Boonstra ◽  
Maarten Panhuysen
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Event History ◽  
Flat File ◽  
Event History Data ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Good Technique ◽  
Data Files ◽  
The Way

Population registers are recognised to be a very important source for demographic research, because it enables us to study the lifecourse of individuals as well as households. A very good technique for lifecourse analysis is event history analysis. Unfortunately, there are marked differences in the way the data are available in population registers and the way event history analysis expects them to be. The source-oriented approach of computing historical data calls for a ‘five-file structure’, whereas event history analysis only can handle fiat files. In this article, we suggest a series of twelve steps with which population register data can be transposed from a five-file structured database into a ‘flat file’ event history analysis dataset.

Vitamin A: dietologist’s position

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
S. V. Orlova ◽  
E. A. Nikitina ◽  
L. I. Karushina ◽  
Yu. A. Pigaryova ◽  
O. E. Pronina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Therapeutic Practice ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Mucous Membranes

Vitamin A (retinol) is one of the key elements for regulating the immune response and controls the division and differentiation of epithelial cells of the mucous membranes of the bronchopulmonary system, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, eyes, etc. Its significance in the context of the COVID‑19 pandemic is difficult to overestimate. However, a number of studies conducted in the past have associated the additional intake of vitamin A with an increased risk of developing cancer, as a result of which vitamin A was practically excluded from therapeutic practice in developed countries. Our review highlights the role of vitamin A in maintaining human health and the latest data on its effect on the development mechanisms of somatic pathology.

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