The Role of Pensions in the Labor Market: A Survey of the Literature

ILR Review ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan L. Gustman ◽  
Olivia S. Mitchell ◽  
Thomas L. Steinmeier
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Pension Plans ◽  
Employee Compensation ◽  
Employment Relationships ◽  
Over Time

Because employer-sponsored group pension plans entail agreements between workers and their employers explicitly linking future payment and employment, they offer an unusual window into long-term employment relationships. This review of recent research on pensions explores how pensions influence employee compensation, retirement, turnover, and other matters central to the determination of labor's price and quantity over time. The authors also outline some unanswered questions and difficult-to-reconcile findings.

scholarly journals 'To do or not to do'? The neurobiology of decision-making in daily life: I. Getting the basics

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Palmini ◽  
Victor Geraldi Haase
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Cortical Regions

Abstract The constant conflict between decisions leading to immediate pleasurable consequences versus behaviors aiming at long-term social advantages is reviewed here in the framework of the evolutionary systems regulating behavior. The inescapable temporal perspective in decision-making in everyday life is highlighted and integrated with the role of the executive functions in the modulation of subcortical systems. In particular, the representations of the 'non-existent' future in the prefrontal cortical regions and how these representations can bridge theory and practice in everyday life are addressed. Relevant discussions regarding the battle between emotions and reasons in the determination of more complex decisions in the realm of neuroeconomics and in moral issues have been reserved for a second essay.

scholarly journals The Long-term Effects of Instruction on EFL Learners' Use of Complaining Formulas

10.29007/5xsb ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Martínez-Flor ◽  
Esther Usó-Juan
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Foreign Language Learners ◽  
Over Time

Studies analysing the positive role of pragmatic instruction in formal settings have increased over the last decades. Within this area of interventional pragmatics, some studies have particularly examined whether the effectiveness of the instruction implemented is sustained over time. In order to shed more light on the long-term effects of instruction, this research investigates English as a Foreign Language learners’ use of complaining formulas not only after immediately receiving instruction, but also two months later. Results show that learners keep using a variety of appropriate complaining formulas two months after having participated in the instructional period. These findings are discussed and directions for future research suggested.

Temperament and Coping Activity Under Stress of Changing Intensity Over Time

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 326-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Heszen
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sensory Sensitivity ◽  
And Coping ◽  
First Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Over Time

Temperament is probably an important factor that influences coping activity. The framework of the study was the Regulative Theory of Temperament by Strelau, where six temperamental traits are distinguished: emotional reactivity, perseveration, activity, briskness, sensory sensitivity, and endurance. These traits were hypothesized to be connected to coping activity in accordance with their psychological characteristics. It was also expected that the associations between temperament and coping activity should depend on stress intensity. Participants were 278 diabetics and 232 patients after first myocardial infarction (MI). The study was longitudinal and two diseases had been purposely selected so as to represent stress intensity either increasing (in diabetes) or decreasing (after MI) over time. Temperamental traits as well as coping activity components: cognitive appraisal, affect, and coping strategies were measured using self-report questionnaires. As hypothesized, temperamental traits were connected to coping activity. Phase-related changes in coping activity confirmed an increase in stress levels in diabetics, while cardiac patients tended to experience the situation as more challenging. While the expectation referring to the differential role of temperament under different levels of stress intensity was not confirmed, the connections of temperament with coping activity were found to decrease under long-term stress.

Organizing work and activities to cope with age – the role of entrepreneurship for individuals aged 50+

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carin Holmquist ◽  
Elisabeth Sundin
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Organizational Form ◽  
Business Organization ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Entrepreneurship Theory ◽  
Over Time

PurposeThe aim of this article is to discuss how age and entrepreneurship interact in the specific case of older (50+) entrepreneurs. Building on theories on entrepreneurship and theories on age and aging, the authors’ focus is on how such entrepreneurs relate to the building and running of a business organization. The authors discuss how entrepreneurship among the elderly plays out and how older entrepreneurs relate to the narratives on both age and entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachThis research comprises quantitative as well as qualitative studies. The authors show that qualitative methods that unfold the process over time are necessary and essential to fully understand how and why entrepreneurs start their own business and/or continue to run it at older ages.FindingsThe authors find that the choice to become an entrepreneur at the age of 50+ (or to stay as one) is not a goal in itself, becoming an entrepreneur is a means to stay active in the labor market.Originality/valueThe study findings add to entrepreneurship theory by insights on the link between entrepreneurship and the labor market where the authors argue that becoming an entrepreneur at ages 50+ might be more a question of choice of organizational form than a question on a way of living or occupation. The authors also contribute to theories on age by showing that entrepreneurs aged 50+ choose entrepreneurship as a means to be able to stay in the labor market.

scholarly journals The role of transfer in language variation and change: Evidence from contact varieties of French

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEANINE TREFFERS-DALLER ◽  
RAYMOND MOUGEON
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Language Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Language Variation And Change ◽  
Over Time

In this Special Issue, the focus is on contact-induced language variation and change in situations of societal bilingualism that involve long-term contact between French and another language. As is well known, when two or more languages are spoken by groups of speakers in the same geographical area, over time, features from one language can be transferred to the other language, especially when the languages in question are unequal in terms of prestige, institutional support and demographic factors. The process that leads to the adoption of such features in the contact languages is generally known as INTERFERENCE or TRANSFER, and these terms are also used to describe the features in question (i.e. the end product of the process of transfer). In this issue we prefer to use the term TRANSFER over the use of the notion INTERFERENCE, as the former has fewer negative connotations than the latter.

Book Reviews

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 702-704
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
European Banking ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Over Time

Kim Oosterlinck of Université Libre de Bruxelles reviews “Financial Elites and European Banking: Historical Perspectives,” edited by Youssef Cassis and Giuseppe Telesca. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Nine papers look at the role of financial elites in different European societies and markets over time, providing historical comparisons and cross-country analysis of their adaptation and contribution to the transformation of the national and international regulatory/cultural context in the wake of a crisis in a long-term perspective.”

scholarly journals The impact of the working longevity of the “silver generation” on the Kazakhstani labor market

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
M.R. Gazizova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Older People ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
The Impact

Object: To study the impact of demographic trends on the labor market in the context of the labor activity of the older generation in Kazakhstan and to conduct a comparative analysis of the employment indicators of older people. Methods: methods of system, dynamic and structural analysis, and correlation analysis. Findings: The results of the analysis allow us to conclude that the aging process of the population actualizes the labor activity of the older population, and determines the formation of support for stimulating the employment of older people. Conclusions: Thus, the role of the older generation in the labor market is being scaled, and therefore it is necessary to consider labor activity in retirement age as an element of the formation of the lifestyle of the older generation, where the role of labor as a factor of active longevity is given a special place. The creation of working conditions necessary for the use of working capacity is a long-term goal in ensuring active longevity and meeting the needs of older people in socially significant activities

scholarly journals A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF ADVANCED LEARNERS’ LINGUISTIC DEVELOPMENT BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER STUDY ABROAD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin McManus ◽  
Rosamond Mitchell ◽  
Nicole Tracy-Ventura
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Study Abroad ◽  
Degree Program ◽  
Advanced Learners ◽  
Linguistic Development ◽  
Linguistic Ability ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Over Time

The current study investigated advanced L2 learners’ linguistic development before, during, and after a nine-month stay abroad, the extent to which contextual changes (home-abroad-home)influenced the nature and magnitude of development, and the ways in which relationships among different linguistic elements changed over time. Participants were 56 university learners majoring in French (n = 29) and Spanish (n = 27), who spent an academic year abroad in the middle of a four-year BA degree program. Oral data were collected six times over 21 months to trace development and change in complexity, accuracy, fluency, and lexis (CAFL). Results showed ongoing improvements over time on most measures, including accuracy. Correlations indicated long-term relationships between fluency and vocabulary only and that accuracy-complexity relationships emerged in instructed home contexts only. These findings suggest that the affordances of home and abroad contexts can shape learners’ linguistic development and use differently. The role of pre-departure linguistic ability is discussed as critical to understanding the nature and extent of L2 linguistic development in study abroad.

scholarly journals The Role of Governance and Bank Funding in the Determination of Cornerstone Allocations in Chinese Equity Offers

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. McGuinness
Keyword(s):  
Initial Public Offerings ◽  
Political Connections ◽  
Material Incentive ◽  
Family Resources ◽  
Public Offerings ◽  
Women On Boards ◽  
Bank Funding

This article investigates the causal factors underlying cornerstone investor (CI) participation in initial public offerings in China’s offshore Hong Kong market. Prospectus-based declarations on such allocations suggest that CI undertakings offer strong certification effects. Entrepreneurs planning for IPO thus have a material incentive to court CIs. The present analysis reveals that a firm’s pre-IPO financials and governance attributes strongly correlate with success in this field. Specifically, CI participation is greater in issuers with established long-term loan positions. Firms housing younger CEOs and a greater number of family-connected board officers also generate more CI interest. In contrast, the fraction of independent directors and women on boards exert minimal effect. However, further analysis reveals that greater independent director presence strongly supports CI participation in family-centric entities, but imparts little to no effect on such investment in either state-run or non-family-controlled private issuers. Additionally, an issuer’s political connections galvanize CI participation. Moreover, the present study highlights the importance of family resources (in non-state sponsored entities) and political connections (in state-held firms) in drawing-in CI involvement. Given the spread of CI arrangements to other primary market settings, the present enterprise also offers guidance on anchor investment elsewhere.

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